Getting_Started_in_KiCad_zh_CN - en to zh_CN translation catalogue (307 entries)

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en: Getting Started in KiCad
zh_CN: KiCad 入门

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en: *Copyright*
zh_CN: *版权*

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en: This document is Copyright (C) 2010-2024 by its contributors as listed below. You may distribute it and/or modify it under the terms of either the GNU General Public License (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html), version 3 or later, or the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), version 3.0 or later.
zh_CN: 本文档版权 (C) 2010-2024 年，作者如下。您可以根据 GNU 通用公共许可证 (http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html) 第 3 版或更高版本或知识共享署名许可证 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) 第 3.0 版或更高版本的条款分发和/或修改本文档。

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en: All trademarks within this guide belong to their legitimate owners.
zh_CN: 本指南中的所有商标均属于其合法所有者。

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en: *Contributors*
zh_CN: *贡献者*

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en: *Former Contributors*
zh_CN: *以前的贡献者*

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en: *Feedback*
zh_CN: *反馈*

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en: The KiCad project welcomes feedback, bug reports, and suggestions related to the software or its documentation. For more information on how to submit feedback or report an issue, please see the instructions at https://www.kicad.org/help/report-an-issue/
zh_CN: KiCad 项目欢迎与软件或其文档相关的反馈、错误报告和建议。有关如何提交反馈或报告问题的更多信息，请参阅 https://www.kicad.org/help/report-an-issue/ 上的说明

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en: Introduction to KiCad Version 8
zh_CN: KiCad 第 8 版介绍

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en: KiCad is an open-source software suite for creating electronic circuit schematics, printed circuit boards (PCBs), and associated part descriptions. KiCad supports an integrated design workflow in which a schematic and corresponding PCB are designed together, as well as standalone workflows for special uses. KiCad also includes several utilities to help with circuit and PCB design, including a PCB calculator for determining electrical properties of circuit structures, a Gerber viewer for inspecting manufacturing files, a 3D viewer for visualizing the finished PCB, and an integrated SPICE simulator for inspecting circuit behavior.
zh_CN: KiCad 是一个开源的软件套件，用于创建电子电路原理图、印刷电路板（PCB）和相关的零件描述。KiCad 支持综合设计工作流程，其中原理图和相应的 PCB 一起设计，也支持特殊用途的独立工作流程。KiCad 还包括一些帮助电路和 PCB 设计的实用程序，包括用于确定电路结构电气特性的 PCB 计算器、用于检查制造文件的 Gerber 查看器、用于可视化成品 PCB 的 3D 查看器以及用于检查电路行为的集成 SPICE 仿真器。

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en: KiCad runs on all major operating systems and a wide range of computer hardware. It supports PCBs with up to 32 copper layers and is suitable for creating designs of all complexities. KiCad is developed by a volunteer team of software and electrical engineers around the world with a mission of creating free and open-source electronics design software suitable for professional designers.
zh_CN: KiCad 可在所有主要的操作系统和广泛的计算机硬件上运行。它支持多达 32 个铜层的 PCB，适合创建各种复杂的设计。KiCad 是由世界各地的软件和电气工程师组成的志愿者团队开发的，其使命是创建适合专业设计师的免费和开源的电子设计软件。

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en: The latest documentation for KiCad is available at https://docs.kicad.org. This document applies to KiCad version 8.0.
zh_CN: KiCad 的最新文档可在 https://docs.kicad.org。本文件适用于 KiCad 8.0 版本。

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en: Downloading and installing KiCad
zh_CN: 下载和安装 KiCad

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en: KiCad runs on many operating systems, including Microsoft Windows, Apple macOS, and many major Linux distributions.
zh_CN: KiCad 可在许多操作系统上运行，包括微软 Windows、苹果 macOS 和许多主要的 Linux 发行版。

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en: You can find the most up to date instructions and download links at https://www.kicad.org/download/. These instructions are not included in this manual as they may change over time with the release of operating system updates.
zh_CN: 你可以在 https://www.kicad.org/download/ 找到最新的说明和下载链接。这些说明没有包括在本手册中，因为它们可能随着操作系统更新的发布而改变。

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en: KiCad stable releases occur periodically per the https://dev-docs.kicad.org/en/rules-guidelines/release-policy/[KiCad Stable Release Policy]. New features are continually being added to the development branch. If you would like to take advantage of these new features and help out by testing them, please download the latest nightly build package for your platform. Nightly builds may introduce bugs such as file corruption, generation of bad Gerbers, etc., but it is the goal of the KiCad Development Team to keep the development branch as usable as possible during new feature development.
zh_CN: 根据 https://dev-docs.kicad.org/en/rules-guidelines/release-policy/[KiCad 稳定发布政策]，KiCad 的稳定发布会定期进行。新的功能正在不断地被添加到开发分支中。如果你想利用这些新功能，并通过测试它们来提供帮助，请下载你的平台的最新夜间构建包。夜间构建可能会引入一些错误，如文件损坏、生成不良 Gerbers 等，但 KiCad 开发团队的目标是在新功能开发期间尽可能保持开发分支的可用性。

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en: Support
zh_CN: 支持

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en: If you have ideas, remarks or questions, or if you just need help:
zh_CN: 如果您有想法，评论或问题，或者您只是需要帮助：

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en: The https://forum.kicad.info/[official KiCad user forum] is a great place to connect with other KiCad users and get help.
zh_CN: 这是 https://forum.kicad.info/[KiCad 官方用户论坛] 是一个与其他 KiCad 用户联系并获得帮助的好地方。

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en: Join our communities on https://www.kicad.org/community/chat/[Discord or IRC] for real-time discussion with users and developers.
zh_CN: 加入我们在 https://www.kicad.org/community/chat/[Discord 或 IRC] 的社区，与用户和开发者进行实时讨论。

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en: Check the KiCad website for https://www.kicad.org/help/learning-resources/[learning resources] made by the KiCad community.
zh_CN: 查看 KiCad 网站，了解 KiCad 社区制作的 https://www.kicad.org/help/learning-resources/[学习资源]。

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en: Basic Concepts and Workflow
zh_CN: 基本概念和工作流程

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en: The typical workflow in KiCad consists of two main tasks: drawing a schematic and laying out a circuit board.
zh_CN: KiCad 的典型工作流程包括两个主要任务：绘制原理图和布局电路板。

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en: The schematic is a symbolic representation of the circuit: which components are used and what connections are made between them. Schematic symbols are pictorial representations of electronic components in a schematic, such as a zigzag or rectangle for a resistor or a triangle for an opamp. The schematic contains symbols for every component in the design, with wires connecting pins in the symbols. The schematic is typically drawn first, before laying out the circuit board.
zh_CN: 原理图是电路的符号表示：使用了哪些元件，它们之间有哪些连接。原理图符号是电子元件在原理图中的象形表示，如一个电阻的人字形或矩形，或一个运算放大器的三角形。原理图包含了设计中每个元件的符号，符号中的线连接着引脚。原理图通常是先画出来，然后再布线电路板。

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en: Example Schematic
zh_CN: 原理图示例

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en: The board is the physical realization of the schematic, with component footprints positioned on the board and copper tracks making the connections described in the schematic. Footprints are a set of copper pads that match the pins on a physical component. When the board is manufactured and assembled, the component will be soldered onto its corresponding footprint on the circuit board.
zh_CN: 板子是原理图的物理实现，元件的封装被放置在板子上，铜线实现原理图中描述的连接。封装是一组铜焊盘，与物理元件上的引脚相匹配。当电路板被制造和组装时，该元件将被焊接到电路板上相应的封装上。

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en: Example Layout
zh_CN: 布局示例

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en: KiCad has separate windows for drawing the schematic ("Schematic Editor"), laying out the board ("PCB Editor"), and editing symbols and footprints ("Symbol Editor" and "Footprint Editor"). KiCad comes with a large library of high quality, user contributed symbols and footprints, but it is also simple to create new symbols and footprints or modify existing symbols and footprints.
zh_CN: KiCad 有单独的窗口用于绘制原理图（“原理图编辑器”）、布局电路板（“PCB 编辑器”）以及编辑符号和封装（“符号编辑器” 和 “封装编辑器”）。KiCad 自带了大量高质量的、由用户提供的符号和封装库，但创建新的符号和封装或修改现有符号和封装也很简单。

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en: Example Symbol
zh_CN: 布局示例

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en: Example Footprint
zh_CN: 封装示例

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en: Finally, it is important to understand that KiCad has a project-based workflow.  A KiCad project is a folder with a project file, a schematic, a board layout, and optionally other associated files such as symbol and footprint libraries, simulation data, purchasing information, etc. Many project-related settings, including net classes and design rules, are stored at the project level. Opening a board outside of its associated project may result in missing design information, so be sure to keep all files associated with a project together.
zh_CN: 最后，重要的是要了解 KiCad 有一个基于工程的工作流程。 KiCad 工程是一个包含工程文件、原理图、电路板布局的文件夹，也可以选择其他相关文件，如符号和封装库、仿真数据、采购信息等。许多与项目相关的设置，包括网络类和设计规则，都存储在工程层面。在其相关工程之外打开一个电路板可能会导致设计信息的丢失，所以要确保将所有与工程相关的文件放在一起。

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en: PCB Design Workflow
zh_CN: PCB 设计工作流程

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en: Typically, the schematic is drawn first. This means adding symbols to the schematic and drawing the connections between them. Custom symbols may need to be created if appropriate symbols are not already available. At this stage footprints are also selected for each component, with custom footprints created as necessary. When the schematic is complete and the design has passed an electrical rules check (ERC), the design information in the schematic is transferred to the board editor and layout begins.
zh_CN: 通常情况下，首先绘制原理图。这意味着在原理图上添加符号，并绘制它们之间的连接。如果没有合适的符号，可能需要创建自定义符号。在这个阶段，还要为每个部件选择封装，必要时还要创建自定义封装。当原理图完成后，设计通过了电气规则检查（ERC），原理图中的设计信息被转移到电路板编辑器中，并开始布局。

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en: The schematic describes which components are in the design and how they are connected; the board editor uses this information to make layout easier and to prevent mismatches between the schematic and PCB. The layout process requires careful placement of each footprint on the circuit board. After component placement, copper tracks are drawn between components based on the connections in the schematic as well as other electrical considerations, such as trace resistance, controlled impedance requirements, crosstalk, etc.
zh_CN: 原理图描述了设计中的哪些元件以及它们的连接方式；电路板编辑器利用这些信息使布局更容易，并防止原理图和 PCB 之间的不匹配。布局过程需要在电路板上仔细放置每个封装。在元件放置完毕后，根据原理图中的连接以及其他电气方面的考虑，如跟踪电阻、控制阻抗要求、串扰等，在元件之间绘制铜线。

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en: Often the schematic will need to be updated after layout has begun; the schematic changes can be easily pulled into the board design. The reverse can often happen: any design changes made in the board layout can be pushed back to the schematic to keep the two consistent.
zh_CN: 通常情况下，原理图在布局开始后需要更新；原理图的变化可以很容易地拉到电路板设计中。相反的情况也经常发生：在电路板布局中的任何设计变化都可以被推回到原理图中，以保持两者的一致性。

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en: When the board layout is complete and the board has passed the Design Rules Check (DRC), fabrication outputs are generated so that the board can be manufactured by a PCB fabricator.
zh_CN: 当电路板布局完成，并且电路板通过了设计规则检查（DRC），就会产生制造输出，这样电路板就可以由 PCB 制造者制造。

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en: Tutorial Part 1: Project
zh_CN: 教程第一部分：工程

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en: The first thing to do when starting a new design is to create a new project.  Opening KiCad will bring up the Project Manager. Click **File** -> **New Project**, browse to your desired location, and give your project a name, such as `getting-started`. Make sure the **Create a new folder for the project** checkbox is ticked, then click **Save**. This will create your project files in a new subfolder with the same name as your project.
zh_CN: 开始新设计时，首先要做的是创建一个新的工程。 打开 KiCad 会出现工程管理器。点击 **文件** -> **新建工程**，浏览到你想要的位置，并给你的工程起个名字，如 "入门"。确保 **为工程创建一个新的文件夹** 复选框被选中，然后点 击**保存**。这将在一个新的子文件夹中创建你的工程文件，其名称与你的工程相同。

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en: Project Manager After Creating a New Project
zh_CN: 创建一个新工程后的工程管理

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en: At left, the Project Files pane lists the files in the new project. There is a project file with the extension `.kicad_pro`, a schematic file with the extension `.kicad_sch`, and a board file with the extension `.kicad_pcb`. These files all share a name with your project.
zh_CN: 在左边，工程文件窗格列出了新工程中的文件。有一个扩展名为 `.kicad_pro` 的工程文件，一个扩展名为 `.kicad_sch` 的原理图文件，以及一个扩展名为 `.kicad_pcb` 的电路板文件。这些文件都与你的工程共享一个名称。

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en: There may also be a `-backups` directory: KiCad will automatically create backups of your project when you save, and optionally at fixed time intervals.  The backup settings are configurable by going to **Preferences** -> **Preferences** -> **Common** -> **Project Backup**.
zh_CN: 也可能有一个`备份`目录。KiCad 会在你保存时自动创建工程的备份，也可以选择在固定的时间间隔内进行备份。 备份设置可以通过进入 **偏好设置** -> **偏好设置** -> **常用** -> **工程备份** 来配置。

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en: Opening the Preferences dialog may trigger a library table configuration
          dialog. This dialog is explained <<sym-lib-table-setup,below>>.
zh_CN: 打开偏好设置对话框可能会触发库表配置对话框。该对话框的说明 《符号库表设置，下文》。

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en: Project Backup Settings
zh_CN: 工程备份设置

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en: At right of the Project Window, there are buttons to launch the various tools that KiCad provides. Launching these tools will automatically open the associated design file (schematic or PCB) from the current project. Start by opening the Schematic Editor.
zh_CN: 在工程窗口的右侧，有一些按钮可以启动 KiCad 提供的各种工具。启动这些工具将自动打开当前项目中的相关设计文件（原理图或 PCB）。首先打开原理图编辑器。

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en: Tutorial Part 2: Schematic
zh_CN: 教程第 2 部分：原理图

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en: Symbol Library Table Setup
zh_CN: 符号库表设置

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en: The first time the schematic editor is opened, a dialog will appear asking how to configure the global symbol library table. The symbol library table tells KiCad which symbol libraries to use and where they are located. If you have installed the default libraries with KiCad, which is recommended, select the default option: **Copy default global symbol library table (recommended)**.
zh_CN: 第一次打开原理图编辑器时，会出现一个对话框询问如何配置全局符号库表。符号库表告诉 KiCad 要使用哪些符号库以及它们的位置。如果你已经安装了 KiCad 的默认库，建议你选择默认选项。**复制默认的全局符号库表（推荐）**。

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en: If KiCad cannot find the libraries in their expected installation location, this option will be disabled. In this case, the user should choose the second option, **Copy custom global symbol library table**. Click the folder button at the bottom, and browse to the location given below. Select the `sym-lib-table` file.
zh_CN: 如果 KiCad 无法在其预期的安装位置找到库，该选项将被禁用。在这种情况下，用户应该选择第二个选项，**复制自定义全局符号库表**。点击底部的文件夹按钮，并浏览到下面给出的位置。选择 `sym-lib-table` 文件。

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en: The location of the default library table files depends on operating system and may vary based on installation location. Below are the defaults for each operating system:
zh_CN: 默认库表文件的位置取决于操作系统，并可能根据安装位置而有所不同。下面是每个操作系统的默认值：

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en: Symbol Library Table Configuration
zh_CN: 符号库表配置

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en: Schematic Editor Basics
zh_CN: 原理图编辑器基础知识

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en: To pan around the schematic, click and drag with the middle mouse button or right mouse button. Zoom in and out with the mousewheel or kbd:[F1] and kbd:[F2]. Laptop users may find it useful to change the mouse controls to be better suited to a touchpad; the mouse controls are configurable in **Preferences** -> **Preferences...** -> **Mouse and Touchpad**.
zh_CN: 要在原理图上移动，用鼠标中键或鼠标右键点击并拖动。用鼠标滚轮或 kbd:[F1] 和 kbd:[F2] 进行放大和缩小。笔记本电脑用户可能会发现，改变鼠标控制，使其更适合于触摸板；鼠标控制可在 **偏好设置** -> **偏好设置...** -> **鼠标和触摸板** 中配置。

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en: By default, KiCad enables a mouse setting called **Center and Warp Cursor on Zoom**. When this feature is enabled, the mouse cursor is automatically moved to the center of the screen when the user zooms in or out. This keeps the zoomed region centered at all times. This feature is unusual, but many users find it useful once they get used to it. Try zooming in and out with the mouse cursor in different areas of the canvas. If the default zoom behavior is uncomfortable, disable the feature in the Mouse and Touchpad preferences.
zh_CN: 默认情况下，KiCad 启用了一个名为 **缩放时的中心和经纬光标的鼠标设置**。启用该功能后，当用户放大或缩小时，鼠标光标会自动移动到屏幕中央。这使缩放区域始终保持在中心位置。这个功能是不寻常的，但许多用户一旦习惯了它就会发现它很有用。试着用鼠标光标在画布的不同区域进行放大和缩小。如果默认的缩放行为让人不舒服，请在鼠标和触摸板偏好设置中禁用该功能。

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en: Mouse and Touchpad Preferences
zh_CN: 鼠标和触摸板偏好设置

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en: The toolbar at the left side of the schematic editor screen contains basic display settings. The toolbar at the right side of the screen contains tools for editing the schematic.
zh_CN: 原理图编辑器屏幕左侧的工具栏包含基本的显示设置。屏幕右侧的工具栏包含用于编辑原理图的工具。

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en: Most tools in KiCad either have default hotkeys assigned, or can have custom hotkeys assigned. To view all hotkeys, go to **Help** -> **List Hotkeys...**.  Hotkeys can be changed in **Preferences** -> **Preferences...** -> **Hotkeys**.
zh_CN: KiCad 中的大多数工具要么有默认的快捷键，要么可以分配自定义的快捷键。要查看所有快捷键，请进入 **帮助** -> **列出快捷键...**。 快捷键可以在 **偏好设置** -> **偏好设置...** -> **快捷键** 进行更改。

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en: Schematic Sheet Setup
zh_CN: 原理图图框设置

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en: Before drawing anything in the schematic, set up the schematic sheet itself.  Click **File** -> **Page Settings**. Give the schematic a title and date, and change the paper size if desired.
zh_CN: 在绘制原理图中的任何内容之前，先对原理图页面本身进行设置。 点击 **文件** -> **页面设置**。给原理图一个标题和日期，如果需要的话，改变原理图大小。

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en: Schematic Page Settings
zh_CN: 图框设置

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en: Adding Symbols to the Schematic
zh_CN: 将符号添加到原理图中

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en: Start making the circuit by adding some symbols to the schematic. Open the Choose Symbol dialog by clicking the **Add Symbols** button image:images/add_component_24.png[] on the right side of the window or pressing kbd:[A].
zh_CN: 在原理图中添加一些符号，开始制作电路。点击窗口右侧的 **添加符号** 按钮 image:images/add_component_24.png[] 或按 kbd:[A] 键，打开 `选择符号` 对话框。

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en: This action will trigger the Footprint Library Table Setup dialog if it has not already been triggered. This dialog is equivalent to the <<sym-lib-table-setup,Symbol Library Table Setup dialog explained earlier>>, but for footprints instead of symbols.
zh_CN: 如果尚未触发封装库表设置对话框，则此操作将触发该对话框。该对话框等同于前面解释的《符号库表设置，符号库表设置对话框》，但针对的是封装而不是符号。

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en: Again, select the default option: **Copy default global footprint library table (recommended)**. If this is option is disabled, select the second option, **Copy custom global footprint library table**. Click the folder button at the bottom, and browse to the location given in <<sym-lib-table-default-location,the symbol library table setup instructions>>.  Select the `fp-lib-table` file and click **OK**.
zh_CN: 同样，选择默认选项。**复制默认全局封装库表（推荐）**。如果这个选项被禁用，请选择第二个选项，**复制自定义全局封装库表**。点击底部的文件夹按钮，浏览到《符号库表默认位置，符号库表设置说明》中给出的位置。 选择 `fp-lib-table` 文件并点击 **OK**。

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en: The Choose Symbol dialog lists the available symbol libraries and the component symbols contained within them. Basic devices like passive components, diodes, and other generic symbols are found in the `Device` library. Specific devices, such as a particular LED, may be found in other libraries.
zh_CN: 选择符号对话框列出了可用的符号库和其中包含的元件符号。基本设备如无源元件、二极管和其他通用符号在 `Device` 库中找到。特定的设备，如一个特定的 LED，可能在其他库中找到。

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en: Scroll down to the `Device` library, expand it, and select the `LED` symbol.  Click **OK**, and click again to place the symbol in the schematic.
zh_CN: 向下滚动到 `Device` 库，展开它，并选择 `LED` 符号。 点击 **确定**，然后再次点击，将该符号放入原理图中。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: LED Symbol in Choose Symbol Dialog
zh_CN: 选择符号对话框中的 LED 符号

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en: Next, add a current-limiting resistor. Go back to the symbol chooser, but this time try searching for a resistor by entering `R` in the filter box at the top.  Again, it is found in the `Device` library. The `R` device is an IEC-style rectangular resistor symbol. An `R_US` symbol is also available for users who prefer the ANSI-style zigzag symbol. Select a resistor symbol and add it to the schematic.
zh_CN: 接下来，添加一个限流电阻。回到符号选择器，但这次尝试通过在顶部的过滤框中输入 `R` 来搜索一个电阻。 同样，它可以在 `Device` 库中找到。`R` 设备是一个 IEC 风格的矩形电阻符号。对于喜欢 ANSI 风格人字形符号的用户，也有一个 `R_US` 符号。选择一个电阻符号并将其添加到原理图中。

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en: Finally, add a battery to power the LED. The `Device` library has a suitable `Battery_Cell` symbol.
zh_CN: 最后，添加一个电池为LED供电。`Device` 库有一个合适的 `Battery_Cell` 符号。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Schematic with Symbols Placed
zh_CN: 放置了符号的原理图

note: type: Title ===
en: Selecting and Moving Objects
zh_CN: 选择和移动对象

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en: Next, position the symbols correctly relative to each other, as shown in the screenshot. Do this by selecting, moving, and rotating the symbols.
zh_CN: 接下来，如截图所示，正确定位符号之间的关系。通过选择、移动和旋转符号来做到这一点。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Schematic with Symbols Moved and Rotated
zh_CN: 符号移动和旋转的原理图

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en: In KiCad 8.0, objects are selected by clicking on them. Additional objects can be added to the selection with kbd:[Shift]+click, or removed with kbd:[Ctrl+Shift]+click (macOS: kbd:[Cmd+Shift]+click). You can toggle an item's selection state with kbd:[Ctrl]+click (macOS: kbd:[Cmd]+click).
zh_CN: 在 KiCad 8.0 中，对象是通过点击来选择的。可以用 kbd:[Shift] + 单击 将其他对象添加到选择中，或用 kbd:[Ctrl+Shift] + 单击（macOS：kbd:[Cmd+Shift] + 单击）将其删除。你可以用 kbd:[Ctrl] + 单击（macOS：kbd:[Cmd] + 单击）来切换一个项目的选择状态。

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en: Drag selection is also possible; dragging from left-to-right selects objects that are entirely enclosed by the selection box, while dragging right-to-left also selects objects that are partially enclosed by the selection box.  kbd:[Shift], kbd:[Ctrl+Shift] (kbd:[Cmd+Shift]), and kbd:[Ctrl] (kbd:[Cmd]) can also be used with drag selection to add, subtract, or toggle from the selection, respectively.
zh_CN: 拖动选择也是可以的；从左到右拖动可以选择完全被选择框包围的对象，而从右到左拖动也可以选择部分被选择框包围的对象。 kbd:[Shift], kbd:[Ctrl+Shift] (kbd:[Cmd+Shift]), 和 kbd:[Ctrl] (kbd:[Cmd]) 也可以和拖动选择一起使用，分别从选择中增加、减少或切换。

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en: Note that it is possible to select an entire symbol (by clicking on the symbol shape itself) or to select one text field in the symbol without selecting the rest of the symbol (by clicking the text). When just a text field is selected, any actions performed will act only on the selected text and not on the rest of the symbol.
zh_CN: 注意，可以选择整个符号（通过点击符号形状本身）或选择符号中的一个文本字段而不选择符号的其他部分（通过点击文本）。当只选择一个文本字段时，所执行的任何操作将只作用于所选择的文本，而不作用于符号的其他部分。

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en: Selected objects are moved by pressing kbd:[M] and rotated by pressing kbd:[R].  The kbd:[G] hotkey (drag) can also be used to move objects. For moving unconnected symbols, kbd:[G] and kbd:[M] behave identically, but for symbols with wires attached, kbd:[G] moves the symbol and keeps the wires attached, while kbd:[M] moves the symbol and leaves the wires behind. Selected objects can be deleted with the kbd:[Del] key.
zh_CN: 按 kbd:[M] 可以移动选中的对象，按 kbd:[R] 可以旋转。 kbd:[G] 热快捷键（拖动）也可用于移动对象。对于移动未连接的符号，kbd:[G] 和 kbd:[M] 的行为是相同的，但对于连接有导线的符号，kbd:[G] 移动符号并保持导线连接，而 kbd:[M] 移动符号并留下导线。选定的对象可以用 kbd:[Del] 键删除。

note: type: Title ===
en: Wiring the Schematic
zh_CN: 为原理图布线

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en: The symbol pins all have small circles on them, indicating that they are not connected. Fix that by drawing wires between symbol pins as shown in the screenshot. Click the **Add a Wire** button image:images/add_line_24.png[] on the right-hand toolbar or use the kbd:[W] hotkey. Click to start drawing a wire, and finish drawing the wire by clicking on a symbol pin or double clicking anywhere. Pressing Escape will cancel drawing the wire.
zh_CN: 符号引脚上都有小圆圈，表明它们没有连接。通过在符号引脚之间画导线来解决这个问题，如截图中所示。点击右侧工具栏上的 **添加导线** 按钮 image:images/add_line_24.png[] 或使用 kbd:[W] 快捷键。点击开始画导线，通过点击符号引脚或双击任何地方完成画导线。按 Escape 键将取消画导线。

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en: Another convenient method of drawing wires is to hover over an unconnected pin.  The mouse cursor will change to indicate that a wire can be drawn starting from that location. Clicking on the pin will then begin drawing a wire automatically.
zh_CN: 另一种方便的画导线方法是将鼠标悬停在一个未连接的引脚上。 鼠标指针会改变，表示可以从该位置开始画导线。点击该引脚就会自动开始画导线。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Schematic with Nets Wired
zh_CN: 带网络线的原理图

note: type: Plain text
en: Next, add power and ground symbols to the schematic. While not strictly necessary in such a simple schematic, these make it easier to understand large schematics.
zh_CN: 接下来，在原理图上添加电源和接地符号。虽然在这样一个简单的原理图中没有严格意义上的必要，但这些符号使大型原理图更容易理解。

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en: A number of power and ground symbols are available in the `Power` symbol library.  However, there is a shortcut for adding these symbols: click the **Add a Power Symbol** button image:images/add_power_24.png[] or use the kbd:[P] hotkey. This brings up the **Choose a Symbol** dialog, but only displays symbol libraries that contain power symbols.
zh_CN: 在 `Power` 符号库中，有许多电源和地线符号。 然而，有一个添加这些符号的快捷方式：点击 **添加电源符号** 按钮 image:images/add_power_24.png[] 或使用 kbd:[P] 快捷键。这将弹出 **选择符号** 对话框，但只显示包含电源符号的符号库。

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en: Add a VCC symbol and GND symbol and then connect them to the circuit with wires.
zh_CN: 添加一个 VCC 符号和 GND 符号，然后用导线将它们连接到电路上。

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en: Finally, add a label to the wire between the LED and resistor. Again, this may not be necessary in a simple circuit, but it is good practice to label important nets.  Click the **Draw Net Labels** button image:images/add_label_24.png[] in the right toolbar (kbd:[L]), type a label name (`led`), and place the label into the schematic so that the square attachment point overlaps with the wire. Rotate and align the label as necessary.
zh_CN: 最后，在 LED 和电阻器之间的导线上加上标签。同样，在简单的电路中可能不需要这样做，但给重要的网络贴标签是一种好的做法。 点击右侧工具栏（kbd:[L]）中的 **绘制网标签** 按钮 image:images/add_label_24.png[]，输入标签名称（`led`），然后将标签放入原理图中，使方形连接点与导线重合。根据需要旋转和对齐标签。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Schematic with Nets Labeled
zh_CN: 带有网络标签的原理图

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en: Note that labels and power symbols with the same name are connected together.  Another GND symbol or wire labeled `led` on this schematic page would be shorted to the existing one, even without wires visually connecting them.
zh_CN: 请注意，同名的标签和电源符号是连接在一起的。 在这个原理图页面上，另一个 GND 符号或标记为 `led` 的导线将与现有的导线短路，即使没有导线将它们直观地连接起来。

note: type: Title ===
en: Annotation, Symbol Properties, and Footprints
zh_CN: 批注、符号属性和封装

note: type: Title ====
en: Annotation
zh_CN: 批注

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en: Each symbol needs a unique reference designator assigned to it. This process is also known as annotation.
zh_CN: 每个符号都需要为其分配一个独特的位号。这个过程也被称为注解。

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en: By default in KiCad 8.0, symbols are automatically annotated when they are added to the schematic. Automatic annotation can be enabled or disabled using the image:images/annotate_24.png[] button in the left toolbar.
zh_CN: 在 KiCad 8.0 中，默认情况下，符号被添加到原理图中时，会自动进行批注。可以使用左侧工具栏中的 image:images/annotate_24.png[] 按钮来启用或禁用自动批注。

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en: While it is not necessary for this guide, symbols can be manually annotated or reannotated using the **Fill in schematic symbol reference designators** button (image:images/annotate_24.png[]) in the top toolbar.
zh_CN: 虽然在本指南中没有必要，但可以使用顶部工具栏中的 **填写原理图符号位号** 按钮（image:images/annotate_24.png[]）对符号进行手动批注或重新批注。

note: type: Title ====
en: Symbol Properties
zh_CN: 符号属性

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en: Next, fill in values for each component. Select the LED, right-click, and select Properties... (kbd:[E]). This project will use a red LED, so change the `Value` field to be `red`. In a real project, it might be better to write the LED manufacturer's part number here instead. Note that it's possible to edit reference designators individually in each symbol's properties.
zh_CN: 接下来，填入每个元件的数值。选择 LED，右键单击，并选择属性...（kbd:[E]）。这个工程将使用一个红色的 LED，所以将 `值` 字段改为 `红色`。在一个真正的工程中，在这里写上 LED 制造商的零件编号可能会更好。注意，可以在每个符号的属性中单独编辑位号。

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en: This project will use a 3V lithium coin cell battery, so change the `Value` field of `BT1` to `3V`. Change the resistor's value to `1k`.
zh_CN: 这个工程将使用一个 3V 的纽扣电池，所以把 `BT1` 的 `值` 字段改为 `3V`。将电阻的值改为 `1k`。

note: type: Title ====
en: Footprint Assignment
zh_CN: 封装分配

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en: Finally, assign a footprint to each component. This defines how each component will attach to the PCB. Some symbols come with footprints pre-assigned, but for many components there are multiple possible footprints, so the user needs to select the appropriate one.
zh_CN: 最后，给每个元件指定一个封装。这定义了每个元件将如何连接到 PCB 上。有些符号预留了封装，但对许多元件来说，有多种可能的封装，所以用户需要选择适当的一个。

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en: There are several ways to assign footprints, but one convenient way is to use the footprint assignment tool by clicking the image:images/icon_cvpcb_24_24.png[] button in the top toolbar.
zh_CN: 有几种分配封装的方法，但有一种方便的方法是使用封装分配工具，点击顶部工具栏的 image:images/icon_cvpcb_24_24.png[] 按钮。

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en: The left pane of this window lists the available footprint libraries. The middle pane shows the symbols in the schematic. All of these symbols will get footprints assigned to them. The right pane shows the footprints that can be chosen for the symbol selected in the middle pane. To assign a footprint to a symbol, select the symbol in the middle pane and double click on the desired footprint in the right pane. You can preview a footprint by right-clicking the footprint's name and selecting **View selected footprint**.
zh_CN: 该窗口左侧窗格列出了可用的封装库。中间窗格显示原理图中的符号。所有这些符号都将分配封装。右侧窗格显示可为中间窗格所选符号选择的封装。要为某个符号分配封装，请在中间窗格中选择该符号，然后在右侧窗格中双击所需的封装。右击封装名称并选择 **查看所选封装**，即可预览封装。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Assign Footprint Tool
zh_CN: 分配封装工具

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en: Many footprints are included with KiCad, so the footprint assignment tool offers several ways to filter out footprints that aren't relevant to the symbol in question.
zh_CN: KiCad 中包含了许多封装，因此封装分配工具提供了几种方法来筛选掉与有关符号不相关的封装。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Footprint Filter Buttons
zh_CN: 封装筛选按钮

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en: [[footprint-filters]] The leftmost button image:images/module_filtered_list_24.png[] activates filters that can be defined in each symbol. For example, an opamp symbol might define filters that show only SOIC and DIP footprints. Sometimes those predefined filters are missing or too restrictive, so it can be useful to turn this filter off in some situations.
zh_CN: [[封装筛选器]] 最左边的按钮 image:images/module_filtered_list_24.png[] 可以激活每个符号中可以定义的筛选器。例如，一个运算放大器符号可以定义筛选器，只显示 SOIC 和 DIP 封装。有时，这些预定义的筛选器缺失或限制性太强，所以在某些情况下，关闭这个筛选器可能会很有用。

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en: The middle button image:images/module_pin_filtered_list_24.png[] filters by pin count, so that only 8-pad footprints are shown for 8-pin symbols. This filter is almost always useful.
zh_CN: 中间的按钮 image:images/module_pin_filtered_list_24.png[] 按引脚数筛选，所以只有 8 个引脚的符号才会显示 8 个引脚的封装。这个筛选器几乎总是有用的。

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en: The right button image:images/module_library_list_24.png[] filters by selected library. Libraries are selected in the left pane; footprints not in the selected library will be filtered out. This filter is useful as long as it is known which library contains the right footprint. Often it's best to use this filter or the symbol filters, but not both.
zh_CN: 右边的按钮 image:images/module_library_list_24.png[] 按所选库筛选。库在左侧窗格中被选中；不在所选库中的封装将被筛选掉。只要知道哪个库包含正确的封装，这个筛选器就很有用。通常情况下，最好使用这个筛选器或符号筛选器，但不能同时使用。

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en: The text box filters out footprints that don't match the text in the box.  This filter is disabled when the box is empty.
zh_CN: 文本框筛选掉与框中文本不匹配的封装。 当方框为空时，这个筛选器被禁用。

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en: Using the filters, find each of the footprints shown in the central column in the screenshot above. Assign each footprint to a symbol by selecting the symbol in the central column and then double clicking the appropriate footprint in the right column. Once all of the footprints have been assigned, click **OK**.
zh_CN: 使用筛选器，找到上图截图中中央栏所示的每个封装。选择中央栏中的符号，然后双击右侧栏中相应的封装，即可将每个封装分配给一个符号。分配完所有封装后，点击 **确定**。

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en: There are other ways to assign footprints; one way is through the symbol properties window. For more information on assigning footprints, see the xref:../eeschema/eeschema.adoc#assigning-footprints[manual].
zh_CN: 还有其他方法可以分配封装；其中一种方法是通过符号属性窗口。有关封装分配的更多信息，请参阅 xref:../eeschema/eeschema.adoc#assigning-footprints[手册]。

note: type: Title ===
en: Electrical Rules Check
zh_CN: 电气规则检查

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en: The last remaining thing to do in the schematic is to check for electrical errors. KiCad's Electrical Rules Checker (ERC) cannot make sure that the design in the schematic will work, but it can check for some common connection issues such as unconnected pins, two power outputs shorted together, or a power input that isn't powered by anything. It also checks for some other mistakes like symbols that aren't annotated and typos in net labels. To see the full list of electrical rules and to adjust their severity, go to **File** -> **Schematic Setup...** -> **Electrical Rules** -> **Violation Severity**. It is a good idea to run ERC before starting layout.
zh_CN: 原理图中剩下的最后一件事就是检查电气错误。KiCad 的电气规则检查器（ERC）无法确保原理图中的设计能正常工作，但它可以检查一些常见的连接问题，如未连接的引脚、两个电源输出短路在一起或电源输入没有任何供电。它还能检查一些其他错误，如符号未加注释和网络标签中的错别字。要查看电气规则的完整列表并调整其严重程度，请访问 **文件** -> **原理图设置...** -> **电气规则** -> **违反严重程度**。在开始布局之前，最好先运行 ERC。

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en: Run an electrical rules check by clicking the **ERC** button (image:images/erc_24.png[]) in the top toolbar and then clicking **Run ERC**.
zh_CN: 通过点击顶部工具栏的 **ERC** 按钮（image:images/erc_24.png[]），然后点击 **运行 ERC**，运行电气规则检查。

note: type: Plain text
en: Even in this simple schematic, KiCad has found two potential errors. The errors are listed in the ERC window, and arrows point to the violation locations in the schematic. Selecting a violation in the ERC window highlights the corresponding arrow.
zh_CN: 即使在这个简单的原理图中，KiCad 也发现了两个潜在的错误。这些错误列在 ERC 窗口中，箭头指向原理图中的违规位置。在 ERC 窗口中选择一个错误，就会显示出相应的箭头。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: ERC Violation Messages
zh_CN: ERC 违规消息

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en: You can exclude individual violations or ignore entire classes of violations by right clicking on each error message. However, it's usually worth addressing the violations, even if they aren't actual design errors, in order to get a clean ERC report and avoid missing real problems.
zh_CN: 你可以通过右键点击每条错误信息来排除个别违规行为或忽略整个违规类别。然而，为了得到一份干净的 ERC 报告，避免遗漏真正的问题，通常值得处理这些违规行为，即使它们不是实际的设计错误。

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en: In this case, KiCad reports "Input Power pin not driven by any Output Power pins" for both the `VCC` and `GND` nets. This is a common KiCad ERC error.  Power symbols are set up to require a power output pin, such as the output of a voltage regulator, on the same net; otherwise KiCad thinks the net is undriven.  To a human, it is obvious that `VCC` and `GND` are driven by the battery, but it's necessary to explicitly show that in the schematic.
zh_CN: 在这种情况下，KiCad 对 `VCC` 和 `GND` 网络报告 "输入电源引脚没有被任何输出电源引脚驱动"。这是一个常见的 KiCad ERC 错误。 电源符号被设置为需要一个电源输出引脚，如电压调节器的输出，在同一网络上；否则 KiCad 认为该网络未被驱动。 对人来说，`VCC` 和 `GND` 显然是由电池驱动的，但有必要在原理图中明确显示。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: PWR_FLAG Added to Schematic
zh_CN: PWR_FLAG 添加到原理图中

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en: There is a special `PWR_FLAG` symbol in the `Power` symbol library that is used to solve this problem by telling KiCad that the nets are actually driven. Add this symbol to the `VCC` and `GND` nets and re-run ERC. When ERC passes without any violations, the schematic is complete.
zh_CN: 在 `Power` 符号库中有一个特殊的 `PWR_FLAG` 符号，用于解决这个问题，告诉 KiCad 这些网络实际上是被驱动的。将这个符号添加到 `VCC` 和 `GND` 网络上，然后重新运行 ERC。当 ERC 通过而没有任何违反时，原理图就完成了。

note: type: Title ===
en: Bill of Materials
zh_CN: 物料清单

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en: A final optional step is to generate a Bill of Materials listing all components used in the project. Click **Tools** -> **Generate Bill of Materials...**.
zh_CN: 最后一个可选步骤是生成 BOM，列出项目中使用的所有元件。单击 **工具** -> **生成 BOM...**。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: BOM Dialog
zh_CN: BOM 对话框

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en: KiCad 8.0 has a GUI for BOM export. You can configure which symbol metadata will be exported, and how the symbols are grouped, in the **Edit** tab, and configure the output format in the **Export** tab.
zh_CN: KiCad 8.0 有一个用于 BOM 导出的图形用户界面。您可以在 **编辑** 选项卡中配置哪些符号元数据将被导出，以及如何对符号进行分组，并在 **导出** 选项卡中配置输出格式。

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en: For now, the default settings should be fine, but you can see a raw view of what will be exported in the preview pane. Specify an output file in the **Export** tab, then press the **Export** button.
zh_CN: 目前，默认设置应该没问题，但你可以在预览窗格中看到将要导出的内容的原始视图。在 **导出** 选项卡中指定输出文件，然后按下 **导出** 按钮。

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en: The BOM should look like the below image when it is opened in a spreadsheet program.
zh_CN: 在电子表格程序中打开时，BOM 应如下图所示。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Generated BOM
zh_CN: 生成 BOM

note: type: Title ==
en: Tutorial Part 3: Circuit Board
zh_CN: 教程第 3 部分：电路板

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en: With the schematic completed, go back to the Project Window and open the PCB Editor, either by clicking the PCB Editor button or opening the board file.
zh_CN: 原理图完成后，回到工程窗口并打开 PCB 编辑器，可以通过点击 PCB 编辑器按钮或打开电路板文件。

note: type: Title ===
en: PCB Editor Basics
zh_CN: PCB 编辑器基础知识

note: type: Plain text
en: Navigation in the PCB Editor is the same as the Schematic editor: pan by dragging with the middle mouse button or right mouse button, and zoom with the scrollwheel or kbd:[F1]/kbd:[F2].
zh_CN: PCB 编辑器中的导航与原理图编辑器相同：用鼠标中键或右键拖动平移，用滚轮或 kbd:[F1] / kbd:[F2] 缩放。

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en: The main part of the PCB Editor is a canvas where the board will be designed.  The toolbar on the left side has various display options for the board, including units and toggles for outline/filled display modes for tracks, vias, pads, and zones. The toolbar just to the right of the canvas contains tools for designing the PCB.
zh_CN: PCB 编辑器的主要部分是一块画布，将在这里设计电路板。 左边的工具栏有各种板子的显示选项，包括单位和布线、过孔、焊盘和区域的边框/填充显示模式的切换。画布右边的工具条包含了设计 PCB 的工具。

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en: Some buttons on the right toolbar have a small triangle in the bottom
          right corner image:images/pcbnew_palette_buttons.png[]. The triangle
          indicates that the button has an expanding palette containing several
          related tools, for example different kinds of dimensions. To select an
          alternate tool, click and hold on the button until the palette appears,
          then click on the alternate tool. Another way to use the palettes is to
          click on the button and drag to the left until the palette appears, then
          release the mouse button when the desired tool is highlighted.
zh_CN: 右边工具栏上的一些按钮在右下角有一个小三角形 image:images/pcbnew_palette_buttons.png[]。这个三角形表示该按钮有一个扩展的调色板，包含几个相关的工具，比如说不同种类的尺寸。要选择一个备用工具，请点击并按住按钮直到调色板出现，然后点击备用工具。另一种使用调色板的方法是点击按钮并向左拖动，直到调色板出现，然后在所需的工具被突出显示时释放鼠标按钮。

note: type: Plain text
en: At far right is the Appearance Panel and Selection Filter. The Appearance panel is used to change visibility, colors, and opacity of PCB layers, objects, and nets. The active layer is changed by clicking on the name of a layer.
zh_CN: 最右边的是外观面板和选择筛选器。外观面板用于改变 PCB 层、对象和网络的可见性、颜色和不透明度。通过点击层的名称可以改变活动层。

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en: Below the Appearance Panel is the Selection Filter, which enables and disables selection of various types of PCB objects. This is useful to select specific items in a crowded layout.
zh_CN: 在外观面板下面是选择筛选器，它可以启用和禁用各种类型的 PCB 对象的选择。这对于在拥挤的布局中选择特定的项目很有用。

note: type: Title ===
en: Board Setup and Stackup
zh_CN: 板子的设置和压层

note: type: Plain text
en: Before designing the board, set the page size and add information to the title block. Click **File** -> **Page Settings...**, then choose an appropriate paper size and enter a date, revision, and title.
zh_CN: 在设计电路板报之前，先设置页面大小，并在标题栏中添加信息。点击 **文件** -> **页面设置...**，然后选择一个合适的纸张尺寸，并输入日期、修订和标题。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Layout Page Settings
zh_CN: 布局页面设置

note: type: Plain text
en: Next, go to **File** -> **Board Setup...** to define how the PCB will be manufactured. The most important settings are the stackup, i.e. what copper and dielectric layers the PCB will have (and their thicknesses), and the design rules, e.g. sizes and spacing for tracks and vias.
zh_CN: 接下来，进入 **文件** -> **电路板设置...**，定义如何制造 PCB。最重要的设置是压层，即 PCB 将有哪些铜层和介质层（以及它们的厚度），以及设计规则，例如布线和过孔的尺寸和间距。

note: type: Plain text
en: To set the stackup, open the **Board Stackup** -> **Physical Stackup** page of the Board Setup window. For this guide, leave the number of copper layers at 2, but more complicated projects might require more layers.
zh_CN: 要设置压层，打开电路板设置窗口的 **电路板压层** -> **物理压层** 页面。在本指南中，将铜层的数量定为 2，但更复杂的工程可能需要更多的铜层。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Physical Stackup
zh_CN: 物理压层

note: type: Plain text
en: Next, go to the **Design Rules** -> **Constraints** page. The settings on this page specify the overriding design rules for everything in the board design. For the purposes of this guide, the defaults are fine. However, for a real project these should be set according to the capabilities of the PCB fab house so that the PCB design is manufacturable.
zh_CN: 接下来，进入 **设计规则** -> **约束** 页面。这个页面上的设置为电路板设计中的所有内容指定了首要的设计规则。就本指南的目的而言，默认值是好的。然而，对于一个真正的工程来说，应该根据 PCB 工厂的能力来设置这些规则，这样才能使 PCB 设计具有可制造性。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Constraints
zh_CN: 约束

note: type: Plain text
en: Finally, open the **Design Rules** -> **Net Classes** page. A net class is a set of design rules associated with a specific group of nets. This page lists the design rules for each net class in the design and allows assigning nets to each net class.
zh_CN: 最后，打开 **设计规则** -> **网络类** 页面。网络类是一组与特定网络组相关的设计规则。这个页面列出了设计中每个网络类的设计规则，并允许将网络类分配给每个网络类。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Net Classes
zh_CN: 网络类

note: type: Plain text
en: Track width and spacing can be managed manually by the designer during layout, but net classes are recommended because they provide an automatic way to manage and check design rules.
zh_CN: 布线的宽度和间距可以由设计者在布局过程中手动管理，但推荐使用网络类，因为它们提供了一种自动管理和检查设计规则的方法。

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en: In this design, no net classes are specified, so all nets will belong to the `Default` net class. The default design rules for this net class are acceptable for this project, but other designs may have multiple net classes, each with different design rules. For example a board might have a `High Current` netclass with wide traces, or a `50 ohm` netclass with specific width and clearance rules for 50 ohm controlled-impedance traces.
zh_CN: 在这个设计中，没有指定网络类，所以所有的网络都属于 `默认` 网络类。这个网络类的默认设计规则对这个工程来说是可以接受的，但是其他设计可能有多个网络类，每个网络类有不同的设计规则。例如，一块板子可能有一个宽线 `高电流` 网络类，有，或者一个 `50 ohm` 网络类，有特定的宽度和 50 欧姆控制阻抗线的间隙规则。

note: type: Title ===
en: Importing Changes From Schematic
zh_CN: 从原理图中导入更改

note: type: Plain text
en: The schematic is complete, but there are not yet any components in the layout.  To import design data from the schematic into the layout, click **Tools** -> **Update PCB from Schematic...**, or press kbd:[F8]. There is also a button image:images/update_pcb_from_sch_24.png[] in the top toolbar.
zh_CN: 原理图已经完成，但布局中还没有任何元件。 要从原理图中导入设计数据到布局中，请点击 **工具** -> **从原理图更新 PCB...**，或按 kbd:[F8]。在顶部的工具栏上还有一个按钮 image:images/update_pcb_from_sch_24.png[] 。

note: type: Plain text
en: Read through the messages in the **Changes To Be Applied** window, which will say that the three components in the schematic will be added to the board. Click **Update PCB**, **Close**, and click on the canvas to place the three footprints. The location of each footprint relative to the others will be changed later.
zh_CN: 仔细阅读 **要应用的改变** 窗口中的信息，其中会说原理图中的三个元件将被添加到电路板上。点击 **更新 PCB**，**关闭**，然后点击画布来放置这三个封装。每个封装相对于其他封装的位置将在以后被改变。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Update PCB from Schematic
zh_CN: 从原理图更新 PCB

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Footprints Added
zh_CN: 添加的封装

note: type: Plain text
en: In KiCad, updating the PCB with changes in the schematic is a manual process: the designer decides when it is appropriate to update the PCB with modifications in the schematic. Each time the schematic is edited, the designer must use the **Update PCB from Schematic** tool to keep the schematic and layout in sync.
zh_CN: 在 KiCad 中，根据原理图的变化更新 PCB 是一个手动过程：设计者决定何时适合根据原理图的修改来更新 PCB。每次编辑原理图时，设计者必须使用 **从原理图更新 PCB** 工具来保持原理图和布局的同步。

note: type: Title ===
en: Drawing A Board Outline
zh_CN: 绘制电路板边框

note: type: Plain text
en: Now the three components have been placed, but the board itself has not been defined. The board is defined by drawing a board outline on the `Edge.Cuts` layer.
zh_CN: 现在这三个元件已经被放置好了，但是电路板本身还没有被定义。通过在 `Edge.Cuts` 层上画一个板的边框来定义电路板。

note: type: Plain text
en: It's often useful to draw the board outline with a coarse grid, which makes it easy to get round numbers for the board size. Switch to a coarse grid by selecting 1mm in the Grid dropdown menu above the canvas.
zh_CN: 用粗大的网格来绘制电路的板框通常是很有用的，这样可以很容易得到画布尺寸的整数。在画布上方的网格下拉菜单中选择 1 毫米，就可以切换到粗略的网格。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: 1mm grid
zh_CN: 1mm 网格

note: type: Plain text
en: To draw on the `Edge.Cuts` layer, click **Edge.Cuts** in the Layers tab of the Appearance panel at right. Choose the rectangle tool image:images/add_rectangle_24.png[] in the right toolbar, click on the canvas to place the first corner, then click again to place the opposite corner so that the rectangle roughly surrounds the three footprints. The other graphic tools (line image:images/add_line_24.png[], arc image:images/add_arc_24.png[], circle image:images/add_circle_24.png[], polygon image:images/add_graphical_polygon_24.png[], or a combination of them) could also be used to define the board outline; the only requirement is that the outline is a single closed shape that doesn't intersect itself.
zh_CN: 要在 `Edge.Cuts` 图层上绘图，请单击右侧外观面板图层选项卡中的 **Edge.Cuts**。在右侧工具栏中选择矩形工具 image:images/add_rectangle_24.png[]，在画布上单击放置第一个角，然后再次单击放置对角，这样矩形就大致包围了三个封装。也可以使用其他图形工具（线形 image:images/add_line_24.png[]、弧形 image:images/add_arc_24.png[]、圆形 image:images/add_circle_24.png[]、多边形 image:images/add_graphical_polygon_24.png[]，或它们的组合）来定义电路板的轮廓；唯一的要求是轮廓必须是不相交的单个封闭图形。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Edge Cuts
zh_CN: 板框

note: type: Title ===
en: Placing Footprints
zh_CN: 放置封装

note: type: Plain text
en: The next step in the layout process is to arrange the footprints on the board.  In general, there are a several considerations for positioning footprints:
zh_CN: 布局过程中的下一步是在电路板上安排封装。 一般来说，在定位封装时有几个考虑因素：

note: type: Plain text
en: Some footprints may have exact requirements for their locations, such as connectors, indicators, or buttons and switches.
zh_CN: 有些封装可能对其位置有确切的要求，如连接器、指示灯或按钮和开关。

note: type: Plain text
en: Some components may need to be placed according to electrical considerations.  Bypass capacitors should be close to the power pins of the associated IC and sensitive analog components should be far from digital interference.
zh_CN: 一些元件可能需要根据电气方面的考虑来放置。 旁路电容应靠近相关 IC 的电源引脚，敏感的模拟元件应远离数字干扰。

note: type: Plain text
en: Almost all components have a "Courtyard" (or two if both Front and Back are defined). Generally Courtyards should not intersect.
zh_CN: 几乎所有的元件都有一个 "边框"（或两个，如果前面和后面都有定义）。一般来说，边框不应该相交。

note: type: Plain text
en: Otherwise components should be positioned for ease of routing. Connected components should generally be close together, and arranged to minimize routing complexity. The ratsnest (the thin lines indicating connections between pads) is useful for determining how best position footprints relative to other footprints.
zh_CN: 否则元件的位置应便于布线。连接的元件一般应紧靠在一起，并将布线的复杂性降到最低。飞线（表示焊盘之间连接的细线）对于确定如何将封装相对于其他封装的最佳位置很有用。

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en: For the purposes of this guide, the only placement goal is to make the routing process as simple as possible.
zh_CN: 在本指南中，唯一的放置目标是使布线过程尽可能简单。

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en: Start by moving the battery holder `BT1` onto the back side of the board. Click it to select it, then press kbd:[M] to move it. Press kbd:[F] to flip it to the opposite side; it now appears mirrored and its pads have changed from red to blue.
zh_CN: 首先将电池座 `BT1` 移到电路板的背面。点击它来选择它，然后按 kbd:[M] 来移动它。按 kbd:[F] 将其翻转到另一侧；现在它看起来是镜像的，它的焊盘从红色变成了蓝色。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: BT1 flipped to the back
zh_CN: BT1 翻到后面

note: type: Plain text
en: All PCB layers are viewed from front side of the board. Footprints on the bottom of the board are therefore upside down and appear mirrored.
zh_CN: 所有的 PCB 层都是从板子的正面看的。因此，电路板底部的封装是颠倒的，看起来是镜像的。

note: type: Plain text
en: Each PCB layer has a unique color, which is shown by the swatches in the Layers tab of the Appearance panel. In the default color scheme, items on the `F.Cu` (Front Copper) layer are red, while items on the `B.Cu` (Back Copper) are blue.
zh_CN: 每个 PCB 层都有一个独特的颜色，由外观面板的层标签中的色板显示。在默认的颜色方案中，`F.Cu` （正面铜）层上的项目是红色的，而 `B.Cu`（背面铜）上的项目是蓝色。

note: type: Plain text
en: Now place the other two components. One at a time, select each component, then move and rotate it with kbd:[M] and kbd:[R]. Watch the ratsnest lines between each pad to choose the simplest arrangement of components; a good arrangement will leave the lines untangled. One possible arrangement is shown in the screenshot below.
zh_CN: 现在放置另外两个元件。一次一个，选择每个元件，然后用 kbd:[M] 和 kbd:[R] 移动和旋转它。观察每个焊盘之间的飞线，以选择最简单的元件排列；一个好的排列将使这些线不被缠住。一个可能的安排显示在下面的截图中。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Footprints positioned optimally
zh_CN: 封装的最佳位置

note: type: Title ===
en: Routing Tracks
zh_CN: 布线

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en: With the components in place, it's time to connect the pads with copper traces.
zh_CN: 元件就位后，现在是用铜线连接焊盘的时候了。

note: type: Plain text
en: The first trace will be drawn on the front of the board, so change the active layer to `F.Cu` in the Layers tab of the Appearance panel.
zh_CN: 第一条布线将被画在电路板的正面，所以在外观面板的层标签中把活动层改为 `F.Cu`。

note: type: Plain text
en: Click **Route Tracks** image:images/add_tracks_24.png[] in the right-hand toolbar or press kbd:[X]. Click on the `led` pad of `D1`. The ratsnest line indicates there is an unrouted connection to the `led` pad of `R1`, so click on that pad to draw a trace connecting the two pads. Clicking on the second pad completes the trace. The ratsnest line between the `led` pins is no longer drawn because the connection has been made in copper.
zh_CN: 点击右侧工具栏中的 **布线** image:images/add_tracks_24.png[] 或按 kbd:[X]。点击 `D1` 的 `led` 焊盘。鼠窝线表明有一个与 `R1` 的 `led` 焊盘的飞线布线连接，所以点击该焊盘来画一个连接这两个焊盘的布线。点击第二个焊盘就完成了布线。`led` 引脚之间的飞线不再被画出，因为连接已经在铜中完成。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: First connection routed
zh_CN: 第一个连接的布线

note: type: Plain text
en: Now draw a trace between the `GND` pads of `BT1` and `D1`, starting with the `BT1` pad on the back of the board. Notice that the active layer automatically changed to `B.Cu` after clicking on the `BT1` pad. Click on the `D1` pad to finish the track.
zh_CN: 现在在 `BT1` 和 `D1` 的 `GND` 焊盘之间布线，从电路板背面的 `BT1` 焊盘开始。注意在点击 `BT1` 焊盘后，活动层自动变成了 `B.Cu`。点击 `D1` 焊盘来完成这个布线。

note: type: Plain text
en: While `BT1` has surface mount pads that are only on the bottom of the board, `D1` has through hole pads that can connect to tracks on both the front and back. Through hole pads are one way to make a connection between multiple layers. In this case, `D1` is a component on the front side of the board, but its through hole pads are used to connect to a trace on the back of the board.
zh_CN: `BT1` 的表面贴装焊盘只位于电路板的底部，而 `D1` 的通孔焊盘则可以连接到正面和背面的布线。通孔焊盘是在多层电路板之间建立连接的一种方法。在本例中，`D1` 是电路板正面的一个元件，但它的通孔焊盘用于连接电路板背面的一条布线。

note: type: Plain text
en: Another way to make a connection across layers is with a via. Start routing at the `VCC` pad of `BT1` on the back of the board. Press kbd:[V] and click halfway between `BT1` and `R1` to insert a via, which also switches the active layer to `F.Cu`. Complete the track on the top side of the board by clicking on the `VCC` pad of `R1`.
zh_CN: 另一种跨层连接的方法是用过孔。在电路板背面的 `BT1` 的 `VCC` 焊盘上开始布线。按 kbd:[V] 并在 `BT1` 和 `R1` 之间点击，插入一个过孔，同时将活动层切换到 `F.Cu`。通过点击 `R1` 的 `VCC` 焊盘完成电路板顶部的布线。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: All connections routed
zh_CN: 所有连接的布线

note: type: Plain text
en: At this point, all connections are routed. This can be confirmed by looking at the status screen in the bottom left of the window, where the number of unrouted nets is given as 0.
zh_CN: 在这一点上，所有的连接都被布线了。这可以通过查看窗口左下方的状态屏幕来确认，其中未被布线的网络数量为 0。

note: type: Title ===
en: Placing Copper Zones
zh_CN: 放置敷铜

note: type: Plain text
en: Copper zones are regions of copper with an associated net. Zones automatically connect to copper objects belonging to the same net and avoid objects belonging to other nets. Zones are often used for ground and power connections because they provide a lower impedance connection than traces.
zh_CN: 铜区是具有相关网络的铜区域。区域会自动连接到属于同一网络的铜对象，并避开属于其他网络的铜对象。铜区通常用于接地和电源连接，因为它们提供的连接阻抗比铜线低。

note: type: Plain text
en: Add a `GND` zone on the bottom of the board by switching to the bottom copper layer and clicking the **Add a filled zone** button image:images/add_zone_24.png[] in the right toolbar. Click on the PCB to place the first corner of the zone.
zh_CN: 通过切换到底部铜层并点击右侧工具栏中的 **添加敷铜** 按钮 image:images/add_zone_24.png[]，在电路板的底部添加一个 `GND` 敷铜。在 PCB 上点击，放置该敷铜的第一个角。

note: type: Plain text
en: In the Copper Zone Properties dialog that appears, select the `GND` net and make sure that the `B.Cu` layer is selected. Click **OK**, then click to place the other three corners of the zone. Double click when placing the last corner to complete the zone.
zh_CN: 在出现的敷铜属性对话框中，选择 `GND` 网络并确保 `B.Cu` 层被选中。点击 **确定**，然后点击放置该敷铜的其他三个角。在放置最后一个角时，双击来完成该敷铜。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Zone outline
zh_CN: 敷铜边框

note: type: Plain text
en: The zone outline is displayed on the canvas, but the zone is not yet filled -- there is no copper in the zone area, and therefore the zone is not making any electrical connections. Fill the zone with **Edit** -> **Fill All Zones** (kbd:[B]). Copper has been added to the zone, but it doesn't connect to the `VCC` or `led` pads and traces, and is clipped by the board edge. It overlaps with the `GND` trace drawn earlier, and it connects to the `GND` pads through thin traces. These are thermal reliefs, which make the pads easier to solder.  Thermal reliefs and other zone settings can be modified in the zone properties dialog.
zh_CN: 敷铜边框显示在画布上，但区还没有被填满 -- 在敷铜的范围内没有铜，因此敷铜没有进行任何电气连接。用 **编辑** -> **填充所有敷铜** (kbd:[B])填充该敷铜。铜已经被添加到该敷铜，但是它没有连接到 `VCC` 或 `led` 焊盘和导线，并且被板子的边缘剪掉。它与前面画的 `GND` 线重叠，并通过细线与 `GND` 焊盘连接。这些是散热条，使焊盘更容易焊接。 散热条和其他敷铜设置可以在敷铜属性对话框中修改。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Filled copper zone
zh_CN: 填充敷铜

note: type: Plain text
en: In KiCad, zones are not filled automatically when they are first drawn or modified, or when footprints within them are moved. Zones are refilled by manually filling them and when running <<drc,DRC>>. Make sure zone fills are up-to-date before generating <<fab,fabrication outputs>>.
zh_CN: 在 KiCad 中，当第一次绘制或修改敷铜时，或移动敷铜内的封装时，敷铜不会被自动填充。敷铜是通过手动填充和运行《DRC，DRC》时重新填充。在生成《制造，制造输出》之前，请确保敷铜填充是最新的。

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en: Sometimes filled zones can make it hard to see other objects in a crowded board design. Zones can be hidden except for their boundaries using the **Show only zone boundaries** button image:images/show_zone_disable_24.png[] on the left-hand toolbar. Zones retain their filled status when only their outlines are shown -- hiding a zone fill is not the same as unfilling it.
zh_CN: 有时，在一个拥挤的画布设计中，填满的敷铜会让人很难看到其他的对象。可以使用左侧工具栏上的 **只显示敷铜边界** 按钮隐藏敷铜，image:images/show_zone_disable_24.png[] 。当只显示敷铜的边框时，敷铜会保留其填充状态--隐藏敷铜的填充与取消填充是不同的。

note: type: Plain text
en: Zones can also be made transparent using the Appearance panel, and inactive layers can also be hidden or dimmed using the **Layer Display Options** in the Appearance Panel.
zh_CN: 敷铜也可以使用外观面板使之透明，非活动层也可以使用外观面板中的 **层显示选项** 隐藏或调暗。

note: type: Title ===
en: Design Rule Checking
zh_CN: 设计规则检查

note: type: Plain text
en: Design Rule Checking is the layout equivalent of Electrical Rule Checking for the schematic. DRC looks for design mistakes like mismatches between the schematic and layout, copper regions that have insufficient clearance or are shorted together, and traces that do not connect to anything. Custom rules can also be written in KiCad 8.0. To view the full list of design rules that are checked and to adjust their severity, go to **File** -> **Board Setup...** -> **Design Rules** -> **Violation Severity**. Running DRC and fixing all errors is strongly advised before generating <<fab,fabrication outputs>>.
zh_CN: 设计规则检查相当于原理图的电气规则检查。DRC 可查找设计错误，如原理图和布局之间的不匹配、铜区域间隙不足或短路，以及没有连接到任何东西的布线。也可以在 KiCad 8.0 中编写自定义规则。要查看检查的设计规则的完整列表并调整其严重程度，请访问 **文件** -> **电路板设置...** -> **设计规则** -> **违规严重程度**。强烈建议在生成《制造，制造输出》之前运行 DRC 并修复所有错误。

note: type: Plain text
en: Run a DRC check with **Inspect** -> **Design Rules Checker**, or use the button image:images/erc_24.png[] in the top toolbar. Click **Run DRC**. When the checks are complete, no errors or warnings should be reported. Close the DRC window.
zh_CN: 用 **检查** -> **设计规则检查** 来运行 DRC 检查，或者使用顶部工具栏的 image:images/erc_24.png[] 按钮。单击 **运行 DRC**。当检查完成后，不应该有错误或警告报告。关闭 DRC 窗口。

note: type: Plain text
en: Now intentionally cause a DRC error by moving the resistor footprint to overlap the filled area of the zone. Use kbd:[D] (Drag) to move the resistor footprint slightly while keeping the traces attached to its pads. This creates a clearance violation because the `VCC` and `led` pads of the resistor are shorted to the `GND` zone fill. Ordinarily this would be fixed by refilling the zone, but don't refill the zone yet.
zh_CN: 现在故意造成 DRC 错误，将电阻的封装移动到与该敷铜的填充区域重叠。使用 kbd:[D]（拖动）稍微移动电阻的封装，同时保持导线连接到其焊盘上。这就产生了间隙违规，因为电阻的 `VCC` 和 `led` 焊盘与 `GND` 区的填充物短路了。通常情况下，这可以通过重新填充敷铜来解决，但现在不要重新填充敷铜。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Resistor footprint moved to violate clearance
zh_CN: 电阻的封装被移动以违反间隙

note: type: Plain text
en: Run DRC again, but make sure to uncheck the **Refill all zones before performing DRC** checkbox. DRC reports 6 violations: for each pad of `R1`, there is a clearance violation between the pad and the zone, another clearance violation between the pad's through hole and the zone, and a third violation where the pad's solder mask opening exposes the copper of two different nets (the `GND` fill and the trace connected to the pad). Arrows point to each violation in the canvas. Clicking on each violation message zooms in on the respective violation.
zh_CN: 再次运行 DRC，但确保取消选中 ** 在执行 DRC 之前重新填充所有敷铜** 复选框。DRC 报告了 6 项违规：对于 `R1` 的每个焊盘，焊盘和敷铜之间存在间隙违规，焊盘的通孔和敷铜之间存在另一个间隙违规，焊盘的阻焊开孔暴露了两个不同网络（`GND` 填充和连接到焊盘的布线）的铜，这是第三个违规。箭头指向画布中的每个违规点。单击每个违规信息可放大相应的违规情况。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: DRC errors due to clearance violation between R1 and GND
zh_CN: 由于 `R1` 和 `GND` 之间的间隙违反，导致 DRC 错误

note: type: Plain text
en: Close the DRC dialog, press kbd:[B] to refill the zone, and re-run DRC.  Alternatively, check the **Refill all zones before performing DRC** checkbox and re-run DRC. All violations are fixed.
zh_CN: 关闭 DRC 对话框，按 kbd:[B] 重新填充敷铜，并重新运行 DRC。 或者，勾选 **在执行 DRC 之前重新填充所有敷铜** 复选框并重新运行 DRC。所有的违规行为都被修复。

note: type: Title ===
en: 3D Viewer
zh_CN: 3D 查看器

note: type: Plain text
en: KiCad offers a 3D viewer that is useful for inspecting the PCB. Open the 3D viewer with **View** -> **3D Viewer**. Pan by dragging with the middle mouse button, and orbit by dragging with the left mouse button. Orbit around the PCB to see the LED and resistor on the top, and the battery holder on the bottom.
zh_CN: KiCad 提供了一个 3D 查看器，对检查 PCB 很有用。用 **查看** -> **3D 查看器** 打开 3D 查看器。用鼠标中键拖动进行平移，用鼠标左键拖动进行绕行。绕着 PCB 板运行，可以看到顶部的 LED 和电阻，以及底部的电池座。

note: type: Plain text
en: A raytracing mode is available, which is slower but offers more accurate rendering. Switch to the raytracing mode with **Preferences** -> **Raytracing**.
zh_CN: 有一种光线追踪模式，它比较慢，但能提供更精确的渲染。用 **偏好设置** -> **光线追踪** 切换到光线追踪模式。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Raytraced view of the PCB
zh_CN: PCB 的光线追踪视图

note: type: Plain text
en: Many of the footprints in KiCad's library come with 3D models, including all of the footprints used in this guide. Some footprints do not come with 3D models, <<footprints-and-3d-models,but users can add their own>>.
zh_CN: KiCad 库中的许多封装都带有 3D 模型，包括本指南中使用的所有封装。有些封装没有附带 3D 模型，《封装和 3D 模型，但用户可以添加自己的模型》。

note: type: Title ===
en: Fabrication Outputs
zh_CN: 制造输出

note: type: Plain text
en: With the board design finished, the final step is to generate fabrication outputs so the board can be manufactured.
zh_CN: 随着电路板设计的完成，最后一步是生成制造输出，这样电路板就可以被制造出来。

note: type: Plain text
en: Open the Plot dialog with **File** -> **Plot...**. This dialog can plot the design in several formats, but Gerber is usually the right format for ordering from a PCB fabricator.
zh_CN: 用 **文件** -> **绘制...** 打开绘制对话框。这个对话框可以将设计绘制成几种格式，但 Gerber 通常是向 PCB 制造厂家制造的正确格式。

note: type: Plain text
en: Specify an output directory so that the plotted files will be collected in a folder. Otherwise, the default settings are fine, but make sure all the necessary layers are checked: include the copper layers (`++*++.Cu`), board outline (`Edge.Cuts`), soldermask (`++*++.Mask`), and silkscreen (`++*++.Silkscreen`).  The paste layers (`++*++.Paste`) are useful for manufacturing solder paste stencils. The Adhesive layers (`++*++.Adhesive`) are needed only if any components will be glued to the board during assembly. Other layers may be useful to plot, but are not typically necessary for PCB fabrication.
zh_CN: 指定一个输出目录，这样绘制的文件就会被收集到一个文件夹中。否则，默认设置就可以了，但要确保所有必要的层都被选中：包括铜层（`++*++.Cu`）、电路板边框（`Edge.Cuts`）、阻焊层（`++*++.Mask`）和丝印（`++*++.Silkscreen`）。 锡膏层（`++*++.Paste`）对于制造锡膏模版（钢网）很有用。粘合层（`++*++.Adhesive`）只有在组装过程中任何元件将被粘在电路板上时才需要。其他层可能对绘图有帮助，但通常对 PCB 的制作没有必要。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Plot dialog
zh_CN: 绘制对话框

note: type: Plain text
en: Click **Plot** to generate the Gerber files. Also click **Generate Drill Files...** and then **Generate Drill File** to create files specifying the location of all holes that will be drilled in the board. Finally, close the Plot dialog. The design is finished.
zh_CN: 点击 **绘制** 来生成 Gerber 文件。同时点击 **生成钻孔文件...**，然后点击 **生成钻孔文件** 来创建文件，指定所有将在电路板上钻孔的位置。最后，关闭 "绘制" 对话框。设计就完成了。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: Generate Drill Files dialog
zh_CN: 生成钻孔文件对话框

note: type: Title ==
en: Tutorial Part 4: Custom Symbols and Footprints
zh_CN: 教程第 4 部分：自定义符号和封装

note: type: Plain text
en: The circuit would be improved by adding a switch to turn the LED on and off. The process to add this switch will require creating a new symbol and footprint library, drawing a switch symbol, and creating a footprint for the switch.
zh_CN: 通过添加一个开关来打开和关闭 LED，该电路将得到改善。添加这个开关的过程需要创建一个新的符号和封装库，绘制一个开关符号，并为开关创建一个封装。

note: type: Plain text
en: The specific switch that will be used in this guide is the https://www.nkkswitches.com/pdf/MtogglesBushing.pdf[NKK M2011S3A1W03], an SPST toggle switch. Many other switches could be used, but the pin numbering and footprint dimensions may need to be adjusted.
zh_CN: 本指南将使用的具体开关是 https://www.nkkswitches.com/pdf/MtogglesBushing.pdf[NKK M2011S3A1W03]，一种 SPST（单刀单置） 拨动开关。许多其他开关也可以使用，但引脚编号和封装尺寸可能需要调整。

note: type: Title ===
en: Library and Library Table Basics
zh_CN: 库和库表的基础知识

note: type: Plain text
en: Symbols and footprints are organized into libraries. A library can hold symbols or footprints, but not both.
zh_CN: 符号和封装被组织到库中。一个库可以容纳符号或封装，但不能同时容纳。

note: type: Plain text
en: KiCad keeps track of the user's symbol libraries and footprint libraries in the symbol library table and footprint library table, respectively. Each library table is a list of library names and the location of where each library exists on disk.
zh_CN: KiCad 在符号库表和封装库表中分别记录了用户的符号库和封装库。每个库表都是一个库名的列表，以及每个库在硬盘上存在的位置。

note: type: Plain text
en: In addition to global symbol and footprint library tables, there are also project library tables for symbols and footprints. Symbols and footprints that are added to the global tables are available in all projects, while symbols and footprints in the project-specific tables are available only for that specific project. Users can add their own libraries to the global library tables or to project-specific tables.
zh_CN: 除了全局的符号和封装库表，还有用于符号和封装的工程库表。添加到全局表的符号和封装在所有工程中都可用，而专用工程表中的符号和封装只对该专用工程有效。用户可以将自己的库添加到全局库表或工程专用表中。

note: type: Plain text
en: The symbol library tables can be viewed or edited with **Preferences** -> **Manage Symbol Libraries...** in the Schematic Editor or Symbol Editor windows.  The footprint library tables can be viewed or edited with **Preferences** -> **Manage Footprint Libraries...** in the Board Editor or Footprint Editor. Both library tables can also be accessed from the Project Manager.
zh_CN: 符号库表可以在原理图编辑器或符号编辑器窗口中通过 **偏好设置** -> **管理符号库...** 来查看或编辑。 封装库表可以在电路板编辑器或封装编辑器中通过 **偏好设置** -> **管理封装库...** 查看或编辑。这两个库表也可以从工程管理器中访问。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: symbol library table
zh_CN: 符号库表

note: type: Plain text
en: Often, paths to libraries are defined with path substitution variables. This enables a user to move all of their libraries to a new location without modifying the library tables. The only thing that needs to change is to redefine the variable to point to the new location. KiCad's path substitution variables are edited with **Preferences** -> **Configure Paths...** in the Project Manager or any of the Editor windows.
zh_CN: 通常情况下，库的路径是通过路径替换变量定义的。这样，用户就可以在不修改库表的情况下，将所有库移动到新的位置。唯一需要更改的是重新定义变量，使其指向新位置。KiCad 的路径替换变量可通过项目管理器或任何编辑器窗口中的 **偏好设置** -> **配置路径...** 进行编辑。

note: type: Plain text
en: One useful path substitution variable is `${KIPRJMOD}`. This variable always points at the current project directory, so it can be used for including project-specific libraries that are stored inside the project directory.
zh_CN: 一个有用的路径替换变量是 `${KIPRJMOD}`。这个变量总是指向当前的工程目录，所以它可以用来包括存储在工程目录内的工程专用库。

note: type: Plain text
en: On first run, KiCad <<sym-lib-table-setup,prompts the user to set up the symbol library table>> and <<fp-lib-table-setup,footprint library table>>. To go through this setup again, delete or rename the symbol library table or footprint library table files. Make a backup of the tables before deleting them.
zh_CN: 在第一次运行时，KiCad 《符号库表设置，提示用户设置符号库表》和《封装库表设置，提示用户设置封装库表》。要再次进行这种设置，请删除或重命名符号库表或封装库表文件。在删除这些表之前，请对它们进行备份。

note: type: Plain text
en: The location of the symbol and footprint library table files depends on operating system.
zh_CN: 符号和封装库表文件的位置取决于操作系统。

note: type: Title ===
en: Creating New Global or Project Libraries
zh_CN: 创建新的全局库或工程库

note: type: Plain text
en: The first step in drawing a new symbol or footprint is to choose a library in which to store it. For this guide, the switch symbol and footprint will go into new project-specific libraries.
zh_CN: 绘制一个新的符号或封装的第一步是选择一个库来存储它。在本指南中，开关符号和封装将进入新的工程专用库。

note: type: Plain text
en: Open the Symbol Editor from the Project Manager. Click **File** -> **New Library**, and select **Project**. Choose a name for the new library (e.g.  `getting-started.kicad_sym`) and save it in the project directory. The empty new library is now selected in the Libraries pane at left, and has been automatically added to the project library table (check the Project Specific Libraries tab in **Preferences** -> **Manage Symbol Libraries...**).
zh_CN: 从工程管理器中打开符号编辑器。点击 **文件** -> **新建库**，并选择 **工程**。为新库选择一个名字（例如：`getting-started.kicad_sym`）并保存在工程目录中。空的新库现在在左边的库窗格中被选中，并被自动添加到工程库表中（在 **偏好设置** -> **管理符号库...** 中检查工程专用库标签）。

note: type: Title ===
en: Creating New Symbols
zh_CN: 新建符号

note: type: Plain text
en: Now create the switch symbol in the new library. With the `getting-started` library selected in the Libraries pane, click **File** -> **New Symbol...**. In the **Symbol name** field, enter the part number: `M2011S3A1W03`. Switch symbols should have reference designators that start with `SW`, so change the **Default reference designator** field to `SW`. All other fields can remain as the defaults.
zh_CN: 现在在新库中创建开关符号。在库窗格中选择 `getting-started` 库，点击 **文件** -> **新建符号...**。在 **符号名称** 栏中，输入元件编号：`M2011S3A1W03`。开关符号的位号应以 `SW` 开头，所以将 **默认位号** 字段改为 `SW`。所有其他字段可以保持默认值。

note: type: Plain text
en: In the Libraries pane, the `M2011S3A1W03` symbol now appears under the `getting-started` library. In the canvas, a cross indicates the center of the footprint, and text has been added for the reference designator. For now, move the text away from the center of the symbol to get it out of the way.
zh_CN: 在库面板中，`M2011S3A1W03` 符号现在出现在启动库下。在画布中，一个十字表示封装的中心，并为位号添加了文本。现在，请将文本从符号中心移开，使其不碍事。

note: type: Title ====
en: Symbol Pins
zh_CN: 符号引脚

note: type: Plain text
en: Start drawing the symbol by adding a pin. Click the **Add a pin** button image:images/pin_24.png[] on the right toolbar. The Pin Properties dialog will appear. Set **Pin name** to `A`, **Pin number** to `2`, **Electrical type** to `Passive`, and **Orientation** to `Right`. Set **X Position** to `-200 mils` and **Y Position** to `0`. Click **OK**, then click on the canvas to place the pin.  If the pin moved after clicking **OK**, it might be necessary to edit the pin's properties again (double click the pin, or right click on the pin -> **Properties...**) to set the position correctly.
zh_CN: 添加引脚，开始绘制符号。点击右侧工具栏上的 **添加引脚** 按钮 image:images/pin_24.png[]。引脚属性对话框将出现。将 **引脚名称** 设为 `A`，**引脚编号** 设为 `2`，**电气类型** 设为 `无源`，**方向** 设为 `右`。将 **X 位置** 设为 `-200 mils`，**Y 位置** 设为 `0`。点击 **确定**，然后点击画布上的引脚。 如果引脚在点击 **OK** 后移动，可能需要再次编辑引脚属性（双击引脚，或右击引脚 -> **属性...**）以正确设置位置。

note: type: Plain text
en: It is strongly recommended to always use mils (or inches) in the Schematic
          Editor and Symbol Editor, particularly for symbol pins. Mixing imperial and
          metric units will result in symbol pins that cannot be properly connected
          because they do not align with wires or other pins. The KiCad libraries
          use a 50 mil grid for their pins; using a different unit system will
          prevent your symbols and schematics from connecting with KiCad's builtin
          symbols. Note that unlike in the PCB editor, units in the schematic have
          no physical meaning.
zh_CN: 强烈建议在原理图编辑器和符号编辑器中始终使用 mils（或 in），尤其是符号引脚。混合使用英制和公制单位将导致符号引脚无法正确连接，因为它们无法与导线或其他引脚对齐。KiCad 库的引脚使用 50 mils 网格；使用不同的单位系统将导致符号和原理图无法与 KiCad 的内置符号连接。请注意，与 PCB 编辑器不同，原理图中的单位没有物理意义。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: pin properties
zh_CN: 引脚属性

note: type: Plain text
en: Add a second pin, but this time don't use the **Add a pin** tool. Instead, press kbd:[Insert]. A new pin numbered 3 is added to the symbol, just below pin 2.
zh_CN: 添加第二个引脚，但这次不要使用 **添加引脚** 工具。相反，按 kbd:[Insert]。一个编号为 3 的新引脚被添加到符号中，就在引脚 2 下面。

note: type: Plain text
en: In many places in KiCad, pressing kbd:[Insert] will repeat the last action.
         The location of the new item will be shifted and the numbering incremented
         automatically, as applicable. In the Symbol Editor, this can be used to
         place a large number of pins quickly. In the Schematic Editor, it can be
         used to repeatedly place a component, or to label a large component's pins
         with numbered labels. kbd:[Insert] can be useful in the Footprint and Board
         Editors as well.
zh_CN: 在 KiCad 的许多地方，按 kbd:[Insert] 会重复上次的操作。新项目的位置将被移位，并根据情况自动增加编号。在符号编辑器中，这可以用来快速放置大量的引脚。在原理图编辑器中，它可以用来重复放置一个元件，或者用编号标签标记一个大元件的引脚。 kbd:[Insert] 在封装和电路板编辑器中也很有用。

note: type: Plain text
en: We want Pin 3 to be on the right side of the switch symbol, so edit the properties of pin 3 and change **X position** to `200 mils`, **Y position** to `0`, and **Orientation** to `Left`. Also, change **Pin name** to `B`.
zh_CN: 我们希望引脚 3 位于开关符号的右侧，因此编辑引脚 3 的属性，将 **X 位置** 改为 `200 mils`，**Y 位置** 改为 `0`，**方向** 改为 `左`。同时，将 **引脚名称** 改为 `B`。

note: type: Title ====
en: Graphical Features
zh_CN: 图形特征

note: type: Plain text
en: With the pins placed, use the circle image:images/add_circle_24.png[] and line image:images/add_line_24.png[] tools to make the symbol look like an SPST switch. For this step, it will be useful to switch to a finer grid: right click the canvas and select a smaller grid in the **Grid** submenu. After adding the graphical shapes, switch back to a 50 mil grid.
zh_CN: 放好引脚后，使用圆圈 image:images/add_circle_24.png[] 和直线 image:images/add_line_24.png[] 工具，使符号看起来像一个 SPST （单刀单置）开关。对于这一步，切换到一个更小的网格将是有用的：右击画布，在 **网格** 子菜单中选择一个更小的网格。添加图形后，再切换回 50 mil 的网格。

note: type: Plain text
en: Small grids are useful for graphical features, but **symbol pins must always be placed on a 50 mil (1.27 mm) grid**. Pins which are not aligned to a 50 mil grid will not be able to connect to wires in the schematic.
zh_CN: 小网格对图形特征很有用，但 **符号引脚必须始终放在 50 mil（1.27 mm）的网格上**。没有对准 50 mil 网格的引脚将无法与原理图中的导线连接。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: symbol drawn
zh_CN: 绘制符号

note: type: Plain text
en: Now edit the properties for the whole symbol with **File** -> **Symbol Properties**, or by double clicking on the canvas. Change the **Value** field to `M2011S3A1W03`, and add `spst switch toggle` to the **Keyword** field to make it easier to find the symbol by searching. For this symbol, the pin names do not add any useful information, so uncheck **Show pin name** to make the symbol visually simpler.
zh_CN: 现在用 **文件** -> **符号属性** 编辑整个符号的属性，或者在画布上双击。将 **值** 字段改为 `M2011S3A1W03`，并在 **关键字** 字段中添加 `spst switch toggle`，以便通过搜索更容易找到该符号。对于这个符号，引脚名称并没有增加任何有用的信息，所以取消勾选 **显示引脚名称**，使符号在视觉上更简单。

note: type: Plain text
en: After clicking **OK**, move the value field's text lower so that it does not overlap with the symbol graphics.
zh_CN: 点击 **确定** 后，将值的文字移至较低位置，使其不与符号图形重叠。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: symbol properties
zh_CN: 符号属性

note: type: Plain text
en: The symbol is now complete. Save it and move on to creating a footprint.
zh_CN: 符号现在已经完成。保存它并继续创建一个封装。

note: type: Title ===
en: Creating New Footprints
zh_CN: 新建封装

note: type: Plain text
en: Open the Footprint Editor and create a new project-specific footprint library named `getting-started.pretty` (**File** -> **New Library...**). As with symbol libraries, the new footprint library is added to the project library table. With the new library selected in the Libraries pane, create a new footprint (**File** -> **New Footprint...**). Set the name to `Switch_Toggle_SPST_NKK_M2011S3A1x03` and the type to `Through hole`.
zh_CN: 打开封装编辑器，创建一个新的工程专用封装库，命名为 `getting-started.pretty`（**文件** -> **新建库...**）。和符号库一样，新的封装库被添加到工程库表中。在库窗格中选择新的库，创建一个新的封装（**文件** -> **新建封装...**）。设置名称为 `Switch_Toggle_SPST_NKK_M2011S3A1x03`，类型为 `通孔`。

note: type: Title ====
en: Footprint Pads
zh_CN: 封装焊盘

note: type: Plain text
en: The switch has two pins, numbered in the datasheet as 2 and 3, and spaced 4.7 mm apart. For ease of placement, adjust the grid to match the pad spacing. Open the grid settings by clicking **Preferences** -> **Preferences...** -> **Footprint Editor** -> **Grids**, or by right-clicking the image:images/grid_24.png[] button in the left toolbar and selecting **Edit Grids...**. Add a new grid with the plus button at the bottom. Set the new grid's X size to `4.7 mm`. Accept the dialog, go back to the editing canvas, and then switch to the new grid in the grid dropdown in the top toolbar, if it is not already selected.
zh_CN: 开关有两个引脚，在数据表中编号为 2 和 3，间距为 4.7 mm。为便于放置，请调整网格以匹配焊盘间距。点击 **偏好设置** -> **偏好设置...** -> **封装编辑器** -> **网格**，或右击左侧工具栏中的 image:images/grid_24.png[] 按钮，选择 **编辑网格...**，打开网格设置。使用底部的加号按钮添加新网格。将新网格的 X 尺寸设置为 `4.7 mm`。接受对话框，回到编辑画布，然后在顶部工具栏的网格下拉菜单中切换到新网格（如果尚未选中）。

note: type: Plain text
en: By convention, through-hole footprints have pin 1 located at (0,0) and are oriented with pin 1 in the top left. The SPST version of this switch does not have pin 1, so the footprint will leave (0,0) empty and place pads 2 and 3 at (0, 4.7 mm) and (0, 9.4 mm). Note that in KiCad's default coordinate system, the positive Y-axis is oriented downwards.
zh_CN: 按照惯例，通孔封装的引脚 1 位于(0,0)处，并以引脚 1 在左上方的方向排列。这个开关的 SPST 版本没有引脚 1，所以封装会把 (0,0) 空出来，把焊盘 2 和 3 放在 (0, 4.7 mm) 和 (0, 9.4 mm) 处。请注意，在 KiCad 的默认坐标系中，正 Y 轴的方向是向下的。

note: type: Plain text
en: Use the **Add a pad** tool image:images/pad_24.png[] in the right toolbar to place a pad one grid division below the origin, which is (0, 4.7 mm). Press kbd:[Esc] to exit the pad tool, then double click on the pad to edit its properties. Change the pad number to `2` and verify that the position is correct. The switch pins are 1.17 mm x 0.8 mm, which gives a diagonal (maximum pin dimension) of 1.42 mm. Therefore set the hole diameter to 1.42 mm + 0.2 mm = `1.62 mm`, and the pad diameter to 1.62 mm + 2*0.15 mm = `1.92 mm` to provide a sufficient annular ring.
zh_CN: 使用右侧工具栏中的 **添加焊盘** 工具 image:images/pad_24.png[]，在原点（0，4.7 mm）下方一格的位置放置一个焊盘。按 kbd:[Esc] 键退出焊盘工具，然后双击焊盘编辑其属性。将焊盘编号改为 `2`，并验证位置是否正确。开关引脚的尺寸为 1.17 mm x 0.8 mm，因此对角线（最大引脚尺寸）为 1.42 mm。因此将孔直径设为 1.42 mm + 0.2 mm = `1.62 mm`，焊盘直径设为 1.62 mm + 2*0.15 mm = `1.92 mm`，以提供足够的圆环形圈。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: pad properties
zh_CN: 焊盘属性

note: type: Plain text
en: Now use the **Add a pad** tool again to place the other pad at (0, 9.4 mm).  Notice that the pad number is automatically incremented and the properties including pad size and hole size are copied from the previous pad.
zh_CN: 现在再次使用 **添加焊盘** 工具，将另一个焊盘放在 (0, 9.4mm) 处。 注意，焊盘的编号会自动递增，包括焊盘尺寸和通孔的大小在内的属性会从前一个焊盘上复制下来。

note: type: Plain text
en: With both pads placed, the annular rings look slightly small. The switch will be easier to solder and mechanically more robust if the annular rings are made larger. Increase the annular ring thickness from 0.15 mm to 0.3 mm by editing pad 2 and changing the pad size to 1.62 mm + 2*0.3 mm = `2.22 mm`. Do not change the hole size. Note that the pad size field accepts mathematical expressions, so `1.62+2*0.3` can be entered directly and will evaluate to 2.22 mm.
zh_CN: 在放置了两个焊盘后，圆环形环看起来略小。如果将圆环形环做大，开关将更容易焊接，机械上也更坚固。通过编辑焊盘 2 并将焊盘尺寸改为 1.62 mm + 2 * 0.3 mm = `2.22 mm`，将圆环形环的厚度从 0.15 mm 增加到 0.3 mm。不要改变通孔的尺寸。请注意，焊盘尺寸字段接受数学表达式，所以 `1.62 + 2 * 0.3` 可以直接输入，并将评估为 2.22 mm。

note: type: Plain text
en: Many text boxes in KiCad support mathematical expressions, including unit
         conversions.
zh_CN: KiCad 中的许多文本框支持数学表达，包括单位转换。

note: type: Plain text
en: Make the same annular ring modification to the other pad as well. As a shortcut, right click on pad 2, click **Push Pad Properties to Other Pads...**, and then click **Change Pads on Current Footprint**.
zh_CN: 对另一个焊盘也做同样的圆环形圈修改。作为一个快捷方式，在焊盘 2 上点击右键，点击 **将焊盘属性推到其它焊盘上...**，然后点击 **改变当前封装上的焊盘**。

note: type: Title ====
en: Footprint Graphics
zh_CN: 封装图形

note: type: Plain text
en: A good footprint will have the exact part outline drawn on the fabrication layer (`F.Fab`), a slightly larger outline on the silkscreen layer (`F.Silkscreen`), and a courtyard (`F.Courtyard`) surrounding the entire footprint to prevent overlaps with other footprints.
zh_CN: 一个好的封装会在制造层（`F.Fab`）上画出准确的元件边框，在丝印层（`F.Silkscreen`）上画出稍大的边框，并在整个封装周围有一个边框（`F.Courtyard`）以防止与其他封装重叠。

note: type: Plain text
en: Switch to the front fabrication layer by clicking **F.Fab** in the Layers panel at right. The fabrication outline should precisely match the physical dimensions of the part, which is 7.9 mm wide and 13 mm tall. Use the line image:images/add_line_24.png[], rectangle image:images/add_rectangle_24.png[], or polygon image:images/add_graphical_polygon_24.png[] tools to draw the outline of the part as shown in the screenshot below. One way to precisely place the outline is to create a new grid with an X spacing of `7.9 mm` and a Y spacing of `13 mm`. Then adjust the grid origin by right-clicking the image:images/grid_24.png[] button and selecting **Grid Origin...**. Set the X origin is 7.9 mm / 2 = `3.95 mm` and the Y origin to 4.7 mm - (13 mm / 2) = `-1.8 mm`.
zh_CN: 点击右侧层面板中的 **F.Fab**，切换到前面的制作层。制作边框应与元件的物理尺寸精确匹配，即宽 7.9 mm，高 13 mm。使用线条 image:images/add_line_24.png[]、矩形 image:images/add_rectangle_24.png[] 或多边形 image:images/add_graphical_polygon_24.png[] 工具绘制元件边框，如下图所示。精确放置边框的方法之一是创建一个新网格，X 间距为 7.9 mm，Y 间距为 13 mm。然后右键单击 image:images/grid_24.png[] 按钮并选择 **网格原点...**，调整网格原点。设置 X 原点为 7.9 mm / 2 = `3.95 mm`，Y 原点为 4.7 mm - (13 mm / 2) = `-1.8 mm`。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: fab outline coordinates
zh_CN: 制造边框坐标

note: type: Plain text
en: Next, switch to the `F.Silkscreen` layer. The silkscreen outline should be just outside of the part outline, so the silkscreen lines are moved outwards from the fabrication drawing by 0.11 mm (half of 0.10 mm fab line width, plus half of the 0.12 mm silkscreen line width). The exact coordinates are shown in the screenshot below, and helpful grid settings are:
zh_CN: 接下来，切换到 `F.Silkscreen` 层。丝网的边框应该正好在元件边框之外，所以丝网线要从制造图中向外移动 0.11 mm（0.10 mm 制造线宽度的一半，加上 0.12 mm 丝网线宽度的一半）。准确的坐标显示在下面的截图中，有用的网格设置是:

note: type: Plain text
en: X grid: 7.9 mm + 2 * 0.11 mm = `8.12 mm`
zh_CN: X 网格：7.9 mm + 2 * 0.11 mm = `8.12 mm`

note: type: Plain text
en: Y grid: 13 mm + 2 * 0.11 mm = `13.22 mm`
zh_CN: Y 轴：13 mm + 2 * 0.11 mm = `13.22 mm`

note: type: Plain text
en: X origin: 8.12 mm / 2 = `4.06 mm`
zh_CN: X 原点：8.12 mm / 2 = `4.06 mm`

note: type: Plain text
en: Y origin: -1.8 mm - 0.11 mm = `-1.91 mm`
zh_CN: Y 原点：-1.8 mm - 0.11 mm = `-1.91 mm`

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: silk outline coordinates
zh_CN: 丝印边框坐标

note: type: Plain text
en: Finally, select the `F.Courtyard` layer. The courtyard outline should surround the part with a 0.25 mm clearance.
zh_CN: 最后，选择 `F.Courtyard` 层。边框的边框应该以 0.25 mm 的间隙围绕着这个元件。

note: type: Plain text
en: Use a different strategy to draw this layer. Switch to a 1mm grid instead of a custom grid, and draw a rectangle roughly surrounding the footprint. Double click on the rectangle to edit its properties, and enter the corner coordinates of the rectangle directly -- they are shown in the screenshot below.
zh_CN: 使用不同的策略绘制该图层。切换到 1 mm 网格而不是自定义网格，然后绘制一个大致围绕封装脚印的矩形。双击矩形编辑其属性，并直接输入矩形的角坐标--如下截图所示。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: courtyard outline coordinates
zh_CN: 边框坐标

note: type: Plain text
en: After completing the outlines, position the text as shown below. The footprint is complete.
zh_CN: 完成边框后，将文字定位如下图所示。封装就完成了。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: completed switch footprint
zh_CN: 完成的开关封装

note: type: Title ====
en: Kicad Library Conventions
zh_CN: Kicad 库公约

note: type: Plain text
en: To maintain high-quality symbol and footprint libraries, KiCad has a https://klc.kicad.org/[KiCad Library Conventions] document, which is a set of guidelines for symbols and footprints. It is not necessary to follow these conventions for personal libraries, but they are a good starting point.  Footprints and symbols in the https://gitlab.com/kicad/libraries[official library] are required to follow KLC. KLC is used as a basis for the symbol and footprint in this guide.
zh_CN: 为了维护高质量的符号和封装库，KiCad 有一个 https://klc.kicad.org/[KiCad 库公约] 文件，这是一套符号和封装的准则。个人库不一定要遵循这些约定，但它们是一个很好的出发点。 https://gitlab.com/kicad/libraries[官方库] 中的封装和符号都需要遵循 KLC。KLC 被用作本指南中的符号和封装的基础。

note: type: Title ====
en: Add Switch to Schematic
zh_CN: 在原理图中添加开关

note: type: Plain text
en: Now that the footprint is complete, the switch symbol can be modified so that the matching footprint is used for it by default.
zh_CN: 现在，封装已经完成，可以修改开关符号，以便默认为其使用匹配的封装。

note: type: Plain text
en: Go back to the symbol editor and open the switch symbol. Edit the Symbol Properties. Click in the `Footprint` field, then click the library book icon image:images/small_library_16.png[] that appears. Browse to the project footprint library and double click on the switch footprint. Save the symbol.
zh_CN: 回到符号编辑器中，打开开关符号。编辑符号属性。点击 `封装` 字段，然后点击出现的库图标 image:images/small_library_16.png[] 。浏览到工程封装库，双击开关封装。保存该符号。

note: type: Plain text
en: The switch footprint is now assigned to this symbol by default; the footprint does not need to be manually selected each time the symbol is added to a schematic.
zh_CN: 现在，开关封装被默认分配给该符号；每次将该符号添加到原理图中时，都不需要手动选择封装。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: switch footprint set as default for symbol
zh_CN: 开关封装设置为符号的默认值

note: type: Plain text
en: Open the schematic, add a new symbol, and select the new switch symbol. Wire it to connect or disconnect the LED and the battery.
zh_CN: 打开原理图，添加一个新符号，并选择新的开关符号。给它接线以连接或断开 LED 和电池。

note: type: Plain text
en: It isn't necessary to manually choose a footprint for the switch, because the switch symbol already specifies a footprint. Run ERC to make sure that the modified schematic doesn't violate any electrical rules.
zh_CN: 无需手动为开关选择封装，因为开关符号已经指定了封装。运行 ERC，确保修改后的原理图不违反任何电气规则。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: schematic edited to include switch
zh_CN: 编辑了原理图以包括开关

note: type: Title ====
en: Add Switch to Layout
zh_CN: 在布局中添加开关

note: type: Plain text
en: Make sure the schematic is saved, then open the Board Editor to add the symbol to the layout. Update the PCB with the schematic changes using **Tools** -> **Update PCB from Schematic...** and place the switch footprint onto the board as shown.
zh_CN: 确保原理图被保存，然后打开电路板编辑器，将符号添加到布局中。使用 **工具** -> **从原理图更新 PCB...** 更新 PCB，并将开关的封装放到电路板上，如图所示。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: board with switch added, before routing
zh_CN: 添加了开关的板子，在布线之前

note: type: Plain text
en: The ratsnest shows the new connections that need to be routed. Additionally, the connection between the battery and the resistor needs to be deleted.
zh_CN: 飞线显示了需要布线的新连接。此外，电池和电阻之间的连接也需要删除。

note: type: Plain text
en: First, delete the unneeded traces. Select one of the traces between the battery and the resistor -- it doesn't matter which. Press kbd:[U] several times to expand the selection to include all the segments between the battery and resistor. Press kbd:[Delete] to remove the connection.
zh_CN: 首先，删除不需要的布线。选择电池和电阻之间的一条布线，选择哪一条并不重要。按几次 kbd:[U]，将选择范围扩大到电池和电阻器之间的所有布线。按 kbd:[Delete] 键删除连接。

note: type: Plain text
en: Route the new traces between the battery and the switch, and between the switch and the resistor. Press kbd:[B] to refill the zones.
zh_CN: 在电池和开关之间，以及开关和电阻之间布局新的导线。按 kbd:[B] 键，重新填充各敷铜。

note: type: Plain text
en: Finally, re-run DRC to make sure the modified board doesn't violate any design rules.
zh_CN: 最后，重新运行 DRC 以确保修改后的电路板不违反任何设计规则。

note: type: Title ===
en: Linking Symbols, Footprints, and 3D Models
zh_CN: 链接符号、封装和 3D 模型

note: type: Title ====
en: Symbols and Footprints
zh_CN: 符号和封装

note: type: Plain text
en: As described in <<footprint-assignment,the footprint assignment section>>, each symbol in the schematic needs to have a footprint assigned to it during the schematic entry process. The name of the footprint assigned to each symbol is stored in the `Footprint` field of the symbol's properties.
zh_CN: 正如《封装分配，封装分配部分》中所述，在原理图输入过程中，原理图中的每个符号都需要为其分配一个封装。分配给每个符号的封装名称被存储在符号属性的 `封装` 字段中。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: footprint field in symbol properties
zh_CN: 符号属性中的封装字段

note: type: Plain text
en: Symbols can specify a preselected footprint. Footprints do not need to be manually assigned to such symbols, because a footprint was chosen when the symbol was created. Users can override the preselected footprint during the footprint assignment process as normal. Defining a default footprint is a good idea for symbols that will usually or always have the same footprint assigned to it, for example a component which is only available in one package. The switch footprint <<default-footprint,was set as the default for its matching symbol.>>
zh_CN: 符号可以指定一个预选的封装。封装不需要手动分配给这些符号，因为在创建符号的时候就已经选择了一个封装。用户可以在封装分配过程中正常覆盖预选的封装。定义一个默认的封装对于那些通常或总是被分配相同封装的符号来说是个好主意，例如一个只在一个包中可用的元件。开关封装《默认封装，被设置为其匹配符号的默认封装》

note: type: Plain text
en: Symbols can also specify footprint filters, which can be used to hide footprints that are incompatible with the symbol. For example, the `74HC00` symbol has footprint filters that result in only the applicable DIP and SO14 footprints being displayed in the <<footprint-filters,assign footprints tool>>.
zh_CN: 符号也可以指定封装筛选器，可以用来隐藏与符号不兼容的封装。例如，`74HC00` 符号有封装过滤器，导致只有适用的 DIP 和 SO14 封装显示在《封装筛选器，分配封装工具》中。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: footprint filters for 74HC00
zh_CN: 用于 74HC00 的封装筛选器

note: type: Plain text
en: The https://klc.kicad.org/symbol/s5/s5.2/[KLC requirements for footprint filters] contain some useful tips for effective footprint filters.
zh_CN: 这个 https://klc.kicad.org/symbol/s5/s5.2/[KLC 对封装筛选器的要求] 包含一些有效的封装筛选器的提示。

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en: Footprints and 3D Models
zh_CN: 封装和 3D 模型

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en: 3D models for components are stored in separate files. Filenames for the component's 3D model(s) are saved in the footprint. Any number of 3D models can be added to each footprint. 3D model filenames, along with model scale, rotation, offset, and opacity, are set in the **3D Models** tab of the Footprint Properties.
zh_CN: 元件的 3D 模型被保存在单独的文件中。元件的 3D 模型的文件名被保存在封装中。每个封装可以添加任何数量的 3D 模型。3D 模型的文件名，以及模型的比例、旋转、偏移和不透明度，都在封装属性的 **3D 模型** 标签中设置。

note: type: Positional ($1) AttributeList argument for macro 'image'
en: footprint 3D model properties
zh_CN: 封装 3D 模型属性

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en: Both STEP (`.step`) and VRML (`.wrl`) 3D model formats are supported. STEP files are useful where dimensional accuracy is needed, while VRML files can be used for more visually attractive renders. Many footprints in KiCad's library have associated 3D models; these models are provided in both VRML and STEP formats.  Only one of the two models needs to be listed in the footprint (typically the VRML filename is given). KiCad can automatically substitute the STEP version when exporting a 3D model of the board for mechanical CAD purposes.
zh_CN: 支持 STEP（`.step`）和 VRML（`.wrl`）两种 3D 模型格式。STEP 文件在需要尺寸精度的情况下非常有用，而 VRML 文件可以用来制作更具视觉吸引力的渲染图。KiCad 库中的许多封装都有相关的 3D 模型；这些模型都以 VRML 和 STEP 格式提供。 两种模型中只有一种需要在封装中列出（通常是给出 VRML 文件名）。在为机械 CAD 目的导出电路板的 3D 模型时，KiCad 可以自动替换 STEP 版本。

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en: Not all footprints in KiCad's library are provided with 3D models, but all footprints list a 3D model filename even if the 3D model does not exist. This is so 3D models can be added at a later date without needing to edit the footprint.
zh_CN: 并非所有 KiCad 库中的封装都提供了 3D 模型，但所有封装都列出了 3D 模型的文件名，即使 3D 模型不存在。这样做是为了以后可以添加 3D 模型，而不需要编辑封装。

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en: https://www.freecadweb.org/[FreeCAD] together with the https://github.com/easyw/kicadStepUpMod/[StepUp Workbench] are useful for creating component 3D models; they are used for many of the models in KiCad's library. StepUp is used to generate STEP and VRML files with correct placement, scaling, and rotation.
zh_CN: https://www.freecadweb.org/[FreeCAD] 与 https://github.com/easyw/kicadStepUpMod/[StepUp Workbench] 一起对创建元件式 3D 模型很有用；KiCad 库中的许多模型都使用了它们。StepUp 用于生成具有正确位置、缩放和旋转的 STEP 和 VRML 文件。

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en: Where To Go From Here
zh_CN: 今后的发展方向

note: type: Title ===
en: More Learning Resources
zh_CN: 更多学习资源

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en: For more information on how to use KiCad, see the https://docs.kicad.org/[manual].
zh_CN: 关于如何使用 KiCad 的更多信息，请参阅 https://docs.kicad.org/[手册]。

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en: Other resources include the https://forum.kicad.info/[official KiCad user forum], https://www.kicad.org/community/chat/[Discord or IRC], and additional https://www.kicad.org/help/learning-resources/[learning resources] from the KiCad community.
zh_CN: 其他资源包括 https://forum.kicad.info/[KiCad 官方用户论坛]，https://www.kicad.org/community/chat/[Discord 或 IRC]，以及来自 KiCad 社区的其他 https://www.kicad.org/help/learning-resources/[学习资源]。

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en: To see more of what's possible with KiCad, browse the https://www.kicad.org/made-with-kicad/[Made With KiCad] section of the website, or open the demo projects included with KiCad (**File** -> **Open Demo Project...**).
zh_CN: 要想了解 KiCad 的更多功能，请浏览网站的 https://www.kicad.org/made-with-kicad/[用 KiCad 设计] 部分，或打开 KiCad 附带的演示工程（**文件** -> **打开演示工程...**）。

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en: Help Improve KiCad
zh_CN: 帮助改进 KiCad

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en: To report a bug or request a feature, please use **Help** -> **Report a Bug** or open an issue on https://gitlab.com/kicad/code/kicad/-/issues[Gitlab].
zh_CN: 要报告一个错误或要求一个功能，请使用 **帮助** -> **报告一个错误** 或在 https://gitlab.com/kicad/code/kicad/-/issues[Gitlab] 上打开一个问题。

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en: To contribute to KiCad's development, please see the https://dev-docs.kicad.org/en/contribute/[Developer Contribution page]. Users can also help by contributing to the https://www.kicad.org/libraries/contribute/[libraries] or https://www.kicad.org/contribute/docs-team/[documentation and translation].  Finally, consider https://www.kicad.org/donate/faq/[financially supporting] continued development of KiCad.
zh_CN: 要为 KiCad 的发展做出贡献，请参见 https://dev-docs.kicad.org/en/contribute/[开发者贡献页面]。用户也可以通过为 https://www.kicad.org/libraries/contribute/[库] 或 https://www.kicad.org/contribute/docs-team/[文档和翻译] 提供帮助。 最后，请考虑 https://www.kicad.org/donate/faq/[捐赠支持] 继续开发 KiCad。
